The Futhark alphabet was used by the North European Germanic peoples (the Swedish, Norwegian and Danish) between the 3rd and 17th centuries A.D. About 3500 stone monuments in Europe, concentrated mostly in Sweden and Norway, are claimed to have been inscribed with this writing.

The purpose of this article is to draw the readers' attention to the fact that this Futhark alphabet, which is also called the Runic (1) stemmed from the very same origin as did the ancient Turkish (2) inscriptions with Gokturk (3) alphabet

The monuments considered to be in the 16-rune futhark group belong to a later period called the Viking Age which started at about AD. 800. During this period, the 24-characters of the Primitive Norse runes became simplified and reduced to 16-rune series.The pages 25-30 and the rest of the book in Jansson's study are allocated to this subject which is beyond the concern of my article.

The Europen scholars have come to recognize from the very beginning the obvious similarity between the character forms of the Primitive Norse stones and those of the C.Asian Gokturk monuments, but for certain various reasons have refrained from tackling this point by denying all kinds of plausible relations. All throughout the period of 160 years that elapsed between the years of 1730 and 1893, that is between the discovery of Orhun monuments and their definitely final decipherment, fanciful theories were fabricated about the Vikings' (or Indo-Germans', or Celts', or Goths') prehistoric emigrations into C.Asia, and the erection of Orhun stones as landmarks of their presence and civilization dating back to several thousands of years BC in that region.

Only when in 1893, it was understood that these inscriptions were not written in any other tongue but pure Turkish, then those fanciful theories were discarded, and the proposed pre-historic datings were revised to be not earlier than AD 700. Even today, a number of academicians are still straining at finding a Sogdian, Persian or Aramaic origin for Turkish inscriptions, but their efforts at proving their claims all end in vain.

A casual comparision of ancient scripts is all needed to see that the characters used in Orhun monuments are more identical with the futhark than any of those alleged originals. Besides this close resemblance, it is an exciting fact that the Primitive Norse runes declared to have ambiguous contexts can be rendered meaningfully when they are exposed to our novel method of read-ing ancient Turkish scripts.

As I have remarked at the beginning of this article, it must be kept in mind that the ancient Turkish script used in Central Asia and the Primitive Norse futhark in Europe, as well as those other scripts mentioned in passing above, have all stemmed from a common origin in a very remote past. Then, the Turkish, Germanic, and other tribes have independently relied on this common legacy of writing for the monuments in their own tongues.
http://www.antalyaonline.net/futhark/FUTHP2E.HTM

See also;

Ancient Celtic alphabeth: http://www.krysstal.com/writing_runic.html

Ancient Hunic alphabeth: http://fang.fa.gau.hu/~heves/runic.html

Ancient Turkmeni alphabeth; www.antalyaonline.net/futhark/FUTHP2E.

"Reminiscent of Timaeus, the Younger Edda legend tells of an ancient Swedish king named Gylfe, who journeys to Asgard, where he assumes the name Ganglere (the wanderer). There he beholds a land of temples, golden palaces, and plowed fields populated by a mighty and noble race called the Asas. Just as the Egyptian priests relate to Solon, king of Athens, the tale of Atlantis and of the great flood that befell his ancestors, the Asas tell Ganglere the tale of Ragnarok. Asas comes from Norse word Aas, which means a “ridge of high land”. Hence the Asas, like the Atlanteans, would appear to be a fictitious race that once dwelt high up on the ice sheet’s glistening, paradise of ice."

From "Earth Under Fire" by Paul LaViolette
http://www.goldenageproject.org.uk/316edda.html

References to the incredible discovery of the so-called "Wolf-Cave", outside Kristinestad - at the South-West coast of Finland.
http://www.nba.fi/en/nmf_permanentexhibitions
http://www.nba.fi/en/tutkimusprojeng

Numbers of items have shown human activity –on a regular baisis - from 8.700 BP to the inter-glacial called the Eem-period, 120-150.000 years ago. Findings from the deeper layers point towards the Holstein interglacial, which highlighted around 300.000 BP.

Unfortunately there is no larger repport made in english – on the net. Two official publications available;

Schulz, Hans-Peter. The lithic industry from layers IV-V, Susiluola Cave, Western Finland, dated to the Eemian interglacial. Préhistoire Européenne. Volumes 16-17. s. 7–23. Liége 2002.

Schulz, Hans-Peter; Eriksson, Brita; Hirvas, Heikki; Huhta, Pekka; Jungner, Högne; Purhonen, Paula; Ukkonen, Pirkko & Rankama, Tuija. Excavations at Susiluola Cave. Suomen Museo 2002. s. 5–45. Helsinki 2002

Order directly from;
kirjatilaus@nba.fi

It appeared to be one of archaeology's most sensational finds. The
skull fragment discovered in a peat bog near Hamburg (Germany) was
more than 36,000 years old - and was the vital missing link between
modern humans and Neanderthals. This, at least, is what Professor
Reiner Protsch von Zieten - a distinguished anthropologist - told his
scientific colleagues, to global acclaim, after being invited to date
the extremely rare skull. However, the professor's 30-year-old
academic career has now ended in disgrace after the revelation that
he systematically falsified the dates on this and numerous other
"stone age" relics.
His university in Frankfurt announced the professor had been
forced to retire because of numerous "falsehoods and manipulations".
According to experts, his deceptions may mean an entire tranche of
the history of man's development will have to be rewritten.
"Anthropology is going to have to completely revise its picture of
modern man between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago," said Thomas
Terberger, the archaeologist who discovered the hoax. "Prof Protsch's
work appeared to prove that anatomically modern humans and
Neanderthals had co-existed, and perhaps even had children together.
This now appears to be rubbish."
The scandal only came to light when Prof Protsch was caught
trying to sell his department's entire chimpanzee skull collection to
the United States. An inquiry later established that he had also
passed off fake fossils as real ones and had plagiarised other
scientists' work. His discovery appeared to show that Neanderthals
had spread much further north than was previously known. But his
university inquiry was told that a crucial Hamburg skull fragment,
which was believed to have come from the world's oldest German, a
Neanderthal known as Hahnhöfersand Man, was actually a mere 7,500
years old, according to Oxford University's radiocarbon dating unit.
The unit established that other skulls had been wrongly dated too.
Another of the professor's sensational finds, "Binshof-Speyer" woman,
lived in 1,300 BCE and not 21,300 years ago, as he had claimed, while
"Paderborn-Sande man" (dated at 27,400 BCE) only died a couple of
hundred years ago, in 1750.
"It's deeply embarrassing. Of course the university feels very
bad about this," Professor Ulrich Brandt, who led the investigation
into Prof Protsch's activities, said yesterday. "Prof Protsch refused
to meet us. But we had 10 sittings with 12 witnesses. German police
also investigated the professor for fraud, following allegations that
he had tried to sell the university's 278 chimpanzee skulls for
$70,000 to a US dealer. The university admitted that it should have
discovered the professor's fabrications far earlier. But it pointed
out that, like all public servants in Germany, the high-profile
anthropologist was virtually impossible to sack, and had also proved
difficult to pin down.

Darwin revised;
http://www.britac.ac.uk/news/release.asp?NewsID=84

Really apt statement by Churchward there!

There is always someone making it differently. Some time ago they started squeezing the milk out of cows, - and drink it, - just like babies sipping from mothers breasts...

For some reason this culture become very strong - at least among some societies. So strong that they eventually went through thick and thin to develop a resistence towards the poisoning effect that milk-proteins create when digested, leaving the milk-sugar (lactose) behind - in the digestive process. One may wonder what the motivation could be...

For some unbelivably funny reason they carried on drinking cow-milk. While the rest of the worlds adult population quited during youth - the agricultural societies must have continued, - since the result is part of our present reality; namly populations where the larger majority is used to butter, cheese and rockefort. By the accumulation of persistance did these populations start to develop very specific, intestine enzymes, able to split the milk-sugar - and make it part of normal digestion.

But, - thats like asking for a brand new inner organ! The adaption required to gain this ability must have been very demanding -since it ended up as the most clear and typical European haplogroup. Consequently there is a link between the agriculture and genetic development. The early adaption to an agricultural diet would be linked to the haplogroup with the highest tolerance (persistance) of the lacto-diet. Finally this question are about to be answered. One may just wonder - did the Atlanteans drink milk? Here`s the expertise;

--------------------------------------------

Fresh lessons in the history of milk drinking By
Edward Hollox,
Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham.

Most people cannot drink milk as adults without the symptoms of lactose intolerance, and most lactose intolerance is due to absence of the lactase enzyme in the gut. This presence/absence is a genetic polymorphism commonly called lactase persistence/nonpersistence, depending on whether or not lactase activity persists from childhood into adulthood.1 In Northern Europe, lactase persistence is common and many people not only drink milk, but culturally it is seen as a healthy and nutritious food. How this happened is now becoming clearer.

Definition
Lactase nonpersistence is the ancestral state, and lactase persistence only became advantageous after the invention of agriculture, when milk from domesticated animals became available for adults to drink. As expected, lactase persistence is strongly correlated with the dairying history of the population. This genetic ability to digest milk has been regarded as a classic example of gene-culture co-evolution, where the culture of dairying creates a strong selective advantage to those who can drink milk as adults, for only they can nutritionally benefit from the milk. A recent paper confirmed this link by analysing the diversity in bovine milk protein genes and showing that the highest gene diversity (and by implication the largest historical population size) is in cows from areas of the world where dairy farming is practised and the people are lactose tolerant.2 In humans, epidemiological analysis has shown that the cultural development of dairying preceded selection for lactase persistence.3 Since dairying is thought to have originated around 10 000 years ago, the selective pressure has been only for the past 400 generations. Despite this short time, there is suggestive evidence of recent positive selection: lactase persistence is associated with one haplotype, which is very common only in northern Europeans, and is distant from the ancestral haplotype.4, 5 Discovery of the possible molecular basis of this polymorphism - a single nucleotide change 14 kb away from the gene, has allowed further analysis of genetic variation associated with lactase persistence/nonpersistence.

Reliability
Proving that the lactase gene has been under recent positive selection in Northern Europe is difficult. As it is a recent regulatory change, codon-based methods that examine the different substitution patterns across a gene are not suitable. Instead, methods relying on allele frequency must be used - which are vulnerable to the fact that frequency patterns produced by selection can also be produced by demographic processes such as changes in population size and genetic drift. A statistic called 'relative extended haplotype homozygosity' (REHH) has been developed, which relies on the fact that a selected haplotype (ie a haplotype on which a relatively recent beneficial mutation has occurred and has risen to high frequency) will have an extended range of linkage disequilibrium (LD) compared with other haplotypes in the population.9 This is because the selected haplotype is young, and hence there has not been enough time for recombination to break it down. We infer that this young haplotype has been driven to a high frequency by positive selection. It is not an ideal method: since it relies on the length of linkage disequilibrium on one haplotype in relation to the frequency of that haplotype, it may be vulnerable to different sampling strategies that could alter the apparent frequency of that haplotype.10 Allele-specific recombination rates could also produce a similar effect. Nevertheless, since it compares variation on different haplotypes across the same region, it is less vulnerable to demographic changes than other population genetic measures.

Positive selection
REHH was used by Joel Hirschhorn's lab to provide further support for positive selection in Northern Europeans.8 It confirms that the haplotype carrying lactase persistence is almost identical for nearly 1 Mb, is therefore young and must have been positively selected to reach the observed frequency of 77% in Northern Europeans. Analysis of markers across this region showed very high genetic differentiation between European Americans (dairying) and Asian/African American (nondairying), suggesting that these markers had hitchhiked on the haplotype carrying lactase persistence. By considering the Asian Americans and African Americans to have a diversity representative of a pre-dairying 'European' population, a selection coefficient of 1.4-15% was calculated - consistent with the 5% previously predicted using a gene-culture co-evolutionary model.11 Did early farmers, who practised mixed farming, really rely on milk so much? There is now genetic evidence that they did, although it is still not clear why milk was so important (for discussion, see Hollox and Swallow12).

Two different mutations
Most studies for practical reasons have focused on lactase persistence in Europe, but lactase persistence is also common in certain tribes in Africa that have a history of dairying. Is lactase persistence in these people caused by the same mutation - as would seem likely - and has it been under positive selection as well? The first part of this question has been answered by Mulcare et al.13 Their paper shows that the putative causative allele 14 kb upstream from the lactase gene is not at frequencies high enough for it to be the causative allele in Africa, even when the inherent errors in lactose tolerance testing are taken into account. There could be two reasons for this - either the allele is not causative at all and is merely strongly associated with the causative allele, or in Africans lactase persistence is due to another mutation. The first reason is possible, especially given the high LD across the region - many polymorphisms within this region will be strongly associated with lactase persistence just by virtue of being on the same huge haplotype. But functional studies from two groups show that the putative causative allele is a gain-of-function mutation increasing the expression driven from the lactase promoter in reporter gene assays in a human intestinal cell line.14, 15 So what about the second reason - a different causative mutation in Africans? Intuitively, this seems unlikely, but given the powerful selective advantage of being lactase persistent any mutation is very unlikely to be lost by genetic drift. It is possible that another mutation in the same regulatory element, a different element, or even in a trans-acting transcription factor may be responsible for lactase persistence in Africans. The answer will only be found by further genetic analysis of this locus in Africans.

Mendelian composits
As well as examining the role of this polymorphism in human evolution, this work provides an interesting case study for those concerned with finding alleles that confer susceptibility to common disease. In this case, we have a clear clinical phenotype (lactose tolerance) with a very strong well-defined Mendelian genetic component (lactase persistence/nonpersistence polymorphism), and a well-defined 'candidate' gene (LCT, lactase). Despite these factors, the causative polymorphism has proved difficult to discover, and the most likely causative polymorphism is located 14 kb away in an L2 repeat within an intron of another gene. Added to this, if this polymorphism is causative, then it is not the causative polymorphism in all populations. If there is a lesson to be learned from this, it is that the genetics of complex disease are likely to be very complex indeed.

European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) 13, 267-269. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201297 Published online 15 December 2004.
E-mail: ed.hollox@nottingham.ac.uk

One more clear piece of evidence.

22 Feb 2005 12:25:15 EST
CBC News

HALIFAX - Archaeologists are showing off a treasure trove they call one of the most significant discoveries of Mi'kmaq artifacts in Nova Scotia.
Hundreds of arrowheads and tools, some 8,000 years old, were discovered last summer along the Mersey River, near Kejimkujik National Park in the southwest region of the province.

Workers from Nova Scotia Power were doing repairs to generating stations on the river. As water levels dropped in some areas, the riverbed was exposed for the first time since dams were built 70 years ago.
Suddenly hundreds of artifacts appeared in the mud. "The quantity of material, the quality of material, the age range represented by the material, all is just fascinating for us," said archaeologist Bruce Stewart, who was hired to investigate.

Pottery fragments, spear points, knives and other items were found around 109 ancient campsites. One barbed harpoon was once used to spear salmon and eels 3,000 years ago, Stewart said. Since the artifacts were lying on the surface, the RCMP was brought in to control looting. Even the discovery was kept a secret.

"I think this is vitally important," Mi'kmaq historian Daniel Paul said of the find.
"There was a real functioning civilization here when the Europeans began to come here en masse, but the proof has been virtually destroyed. And all of a sudden we are finding the proof."

The Mersey River encampments are once again under water. The artifacts will be sent to the Nova Scotia Museum once Stewart and his team finishes sorting them.
http://www.cbc.ca/story/science/national/2005/02/17/artifacts050217.html

In the growing debate about when people first
appeared on the North American continent, a
leading archaeologist said he has discovered
what could be sooty evidence of human occupation
in North America tens of thousands of years
earlier than is commonly believed.
University of South Carolina archaeologist
Al Goodyear said he has uncovered a layer of
charcoal from a possible hearth or fire pit at a
site near the Savannah River (see also Archaeo
News 3 July 2004). Samples from the layer have
been laboratory-dated to more than 50,000 years
old. Yet Goodyear stopped short of declaring it
proof of the continent's earliest human
occupation. "It does look like a hearth," he
said, "and the material that was dated has been
burned." Since the 1960s, anthropologists
have generally accepted that hunters migrated to
North America about 13,000 years ago over a land
bridge into Alaska following the retreat of Ice
Age glaciers.But other sites, including the
Topper dig in South Carolina, have yielded rough
stone tools and other artifacts suggesting that
humans lived in North America thousands of years
earlier when the climate was much colder. While
there is no ironclad proof that an older culture
existed, scientists are increasingly open to the
idea that humans arrived from many other
directions besides the northwest, perhaps even
sailing across oceans. But a 50,000-year-old fire
pit would scorch the prevailing occupation
theory. Goodyear's evidence was examined by
other scientists, who performed radiocarbon tests
on samples to determine their age. Thomas
Stafford, director of Stafford Laboratories in
Boulder, Colo., took samples of the substance for
tests at the University of California at Irvine.
The results showed that wood varieties had been
burned in a low-temperature fire at least 50,300
years ago, he said. Stafford said the layer could
have been the result of a fire tended by humans,
or the ashes could have been deposited by wind,
rain or flooding. Other researchers were
more skeptical of Goodyear's discovery, noting
that previous claims of very old occupation at
other sites never have been verified. "We still
need to be cautious," said Vanderbilt University
anthropologist Tom Dillehay. "I would not yet
rewrite the books. The find is very significant
and shows that there is much we don't understand
and can't easily reject or accept." Other
scientists were blunter. "I think it's a
50,000-year-old geologic deposit," said
University of Texas archaeologist Mike Collins.
"It has almost nothing to do with the story of
the peopling of North America."

Sources: Associated Press, CNN, News-Leader.com,
Yahoo! News (18 November 2004) http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&cid=514&e=13&u=/ap/20041118/ap_on_sc/early_americans_5
http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/11/17/carolina.dig/index.html http://www.news-leader.com/today/1118-Discoveryp-229184.html

Bronze Age sites in co Wicklow are now protected

The Irish Minister for the Environment has signed
a preservation order to protect two Bronze Age
sites in Co Wicklow. The move is being seen as
showing fresh Government commitment to the
safeguarding of archaeological monuments
throughout the country.
The protection orders were signed following
reports that a prehistoric settlement near
Blessington had been damaged. The Bronze Age
sites include a stone circle and a number of
burial mounds.

Source: Irish Examiner (17 November 2004) http://www.breakingnews.ie/printer.asp?j=102235440&p=yxzz36xzx

Pigs domesticated 'many times'

Pigs were domesticated independently at least seven times around the
globe, a new study has found. The discovery was made by linking the
DNA of tame porkers with their wild relatives. Researchers found
farmed pigs in several locations were closely related to wild boar in
the same region, suggesting local domestication. This challenges the
notion that boar were tamed just twice before being transported
throughout the world.
"Many archaeologists have assumed the pig was domesticated in
no more than two areas of the world, the Near East and the Far East,
but our findings turn this theory on its head," said Keith Dobney, of
the University of Durham, UK. "Our study shows that domestication
also occurred independently in Central Europe, Italy, Northern India,
South East Asia and maybe even Island South East Asia."
Archaeological evidence suggests the pig was first domesticated
9,000 years ago in Eastern Turkey. They were also domesticated in
China at around the same time. Until now, archaeologists generally
assumed that after their initial domestication in these two
locations, tame pigs were transported - through trade and human
migration - around the world. In many ways, this is the simplest
explanation: as farming methods spread during the Neolithic, new
innovations and domestic animals were thought to have been passed
through the human population. But it seems the truth is a little more
far fetched. Instead of importing tame pigs, people from several
different countries domesticated the animals themselves.
"There is definitely something a bit weird about it," said
co-author Greger Larson, of Oxford University, UK. "Maybe people
really didn't bring pigs with them during the agricultural sweep as
part of the Neolithic. "Maybe instead of bringing pigs with them they
were domesticating wild boar only."
However, because the researchers have not been able to date the
recently discovered centres of domestication, it is unclear whether
the idea of taming pigs was had independently, or whether it was
transferred between communities. The team found that all domestic
pigs in Europe are descended from European wild boar - and not Near
Eastern boar - which means farmers travelling west from Turkey were
not bringing significant numbers of pigs with them. But that does not
mean they did not bring the good idea of pig domestication with them.
Nonetheless, it raises questions about the process of animal
domestication, and the spread of agricultural ideas.
"Domestication probably isn't just one guy having an ingenious
idea and looking at a wild boar and saying, 'I can get a domestic pig
out of that'," Dr Larson said. "It could be that domestication is
almost a natural consequence of people settling down to farm. "These
findings are forcing the question about the origins of domestication
across all animals."

Source: Science, BBC News (11 March 2005) http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4337435.stm