Here is a alphabetical chart from various linguistic sources that I found yesterday.
I hope it to be helpfull.
The ring with dot is shown as Omega in Melos-Theran alphabet 900BC.
http://occult-advances.org/lang.htm

A little info;
Hittites called Water >> Watar

Isn't it amazing!

What we are seeing here is the proof in the pudding that the true forms of civilizations started from the westward lands and Europe.

Amazing how those great scholars tell us that the Greeks adapted the Phoenician alphabet and that civilizations started in the mid east with writings from Sumer.

What a hypocritical joke that is.

Even the Egyptian scripts go as far back as Sumer and beyond 3500 bC.

Clearly we see the advancement from Western Aterian and European Azilian cultures starting the earliest forms of writing which later went to the Glozel and Vinca cultures in mid Europe and onward to Anatolia and Phoenicia. A very strong indication that civilizations advanced towards the east and not from the east as they try to manipulate. The advancement of the Niger river cultures and agriculture in West Africa near Senegal around 6000 bC even came after those in Western Europe from 8000 bC,where also around 7000 bC they were already playing with Copper.

To add further proof to this we have the "Highly prized" papyrus grass from the Atalantes regions in Algeria which was transported onward to Egypt and became the scrolls for THOTH to teach the art of writing.

We can also see the importance of the Tunisian landbridge crossing to Sicily and mid-earth or Europe at an earlier time around 12000-6000 bC where the two migrations of Atlas in Africa and Gadeiros in N.Iberia through the Pyrannees and into the Appennines met in middle Earth as thought by the ancients of that time around Italy and Peloponnesia,Greece, Sicily,Malta and Crete.

What I think, if I am to be corrected, is that the Atlantic Ocean is older than the Pacific and that from either side we had two distinct lifeforms emerging. At least that's how it looks according to the Oceanic crustal age maps we see today.

The Atlanteans forming the earliest advancements in technological history and the rise of Cro-Magnon/ Neanderthal races as the common benefactor of todays human races found on either side in America and Europe.

The Pacifican or Java Polyponnesian types arising near Sumatra and onward to India where the two race types merged near the mideast, the Black Sea and the early Catal Hyuk civilizations of Anatolia where they picked up on the highly advanced knowledge from the Aterian, Azilian cultures.

Again, like the tale of middle earth and the Lord of the Rings, we see the importance of human advancement with Lake Tritonis and middle Europe and Atlantis as the true Fatherland and main contributor to the advancement of mankind known as the mysterious primordial hill of Ta-Tenen and the Oceanic realm of Nun, to the Egyptians who preserved the secrets of their ancestors.

When we consider that those two Tribes, the Azilians and Aterians, forefathers from Atlantis were the advent of human knowledge, we can see why and how Atlantis was the secret of creation as we also find hidden in the meaning of it's name as I have translated from Basque.

"The main evergreen forest is born a joyous miracle at dawn the abundant monument increases to unite the future arrival and remain loyal to the secret of creation."

It's no wonder most continents today start with the letter "A" and how it became the Alpha of Creation and the first letter in our Alphabet as brought to you by your friendly neighborhood Aterians and Azilians.

Ah, the primordial God. Amen.

I was so fascinated by your above post that I wanted to repeat it. I think that Boreas is away for some time, but I imagine that he would have commented:

"It seems that there was a revolution in cosmology or cosmogyny when the patriarchal gods came into power. This was represented by the way Heaven comes into contact with Earthlings.

According to patriarchal Egypt, the heavens (= sky goddess Nut or Neith) ONLY came in contact with the Earth at 4 points on the horizon, which were called the "pillars of Shu".

However an alternate cosmology seems to have claimed that the Great Goddess of the Celestial North pole in the sky used a different form of "contact with earth" and was able to send messages continually to earth. Those messages resemble the phenomenon we modern people call "women's intuition".

The opposing sides in this mythical conflict have an uncany resemblance to the vocabulary of the Qumran Dead Sea Scrolls.

The Sons and Daughters of Sun Light (dawn and dusk deities, east and west) vs the Daughters of Darkness (north deities).

Patriarchal Egypt seems to have stationed Set near the North Pole and charged him with the mythical task of either blocking out the messages from the North Goddess, or at least scrambling those messages so severely that earthlings would get in trouble if they try to follow their "intuition".

The new cosmology seems to have focused on the issue of left-brain vs right brain. It was not tied to sexual divisions of "male vs female". The Egyptians themselves claimed that the goddess Ma'at was objective
"truth" and that she ignored all intuition. Likewize the planet Venus was a good goddess, because she was associated with eastern dawn, and western sunset (but not with the North)."

8888888888888888888888888888888

If I may, I would like to offer this...In the tropical kingdoms there was a long time of connection to the north and to the Aser system which was the understanding of the "Eight Powers". This preceded any worship of "gods". During Ice-time this connection was broken and the various kingdoms went their own way, Some began to worship the idea of their ancestors which morphed into gods. "the way Heaven comes into contact with Earthlings" describes the real link the Allfather in Hel maintained with all humans before Ice-time and then again attempted to re-establish after it. This link is described in greater detail at www.bocksaga.de

The old system was separate and equal male and female. We really only know mostly about the sperm-line or sperm-system because of the last remaining of the Aser line happens to be male, the last female relatives having died out many years ago. You understand that as complicated as the male system is/was, the female "Miss-stories"/mysteries has only been hinted at for thousands of years. Even Ior bock was not privy to much of it, as it would have been passed only to females, thus a "mystery". There was no conflict until, as you say, the developement of a singular patriarchy which signalled the abandonment of the old peaceful balance.

http://www.coolschool.k12.or.us/courses/115100/lessons/assignments/02/images/al02b.jpg

The oldest written political history in the world, 4500 BCE, was compiled by the king of Ladash as a lesson to the city of Umma, whose attempt at conquest had failed. It is in the Sumerian language.Cunieform.
The fact that the language is complete and workable at this time indicates that it was in use anything up to 1500 years before this artifact was found. That dtes cunieform back to approx 6000 BCE

Seems you need to look into sumerian history a little bit more before you disqualify it as the first recorded civilisation

"It's no wonder most continents today start with the letter "A"

Australia was named by navigator matthew flinders in 1804
America was named after amerigo vespucci in 1503
Africa was named afetr a roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus
Europe and Asia are named after the eurasian continent which contains both of them
Antartica was named so because it is on the opposite side of the earth (anterior) to the arctic. which isn't a continent.

You're quite right it is no wonder at all that most continents start with the letter "A"
at least now its no wonder. Better call it factual instead.

[This message has been edited by bel marduk (edited 03-18-2005).]

Maybe you should reload that wacky pipe your smoking and head back to Babylon where your inane theories exist along with your character.

First of all, it's not Ladash, but rather, the King of Lagash who is thought to have ruled around 2500 bC.
http://www.bible-history.com/ancient_art/urnanshe_lagash.html

"The earliest known writing comes from Uruk and has been dated to about 3,300BC"
http://www.crystalinks.com/sumerlanguage.html

Of course Crystalinks doesn't have a clue either to make that remark.

Secondly, how are you going to compare your crap to the 9000bC writing from the Azilian and Glozel cultures that clearly initiated the writing traites adopted by other cultures such as Phoenician and Sumerians?

Look for yourself.
http://occult-advances.org/lang.htm

You come around these forums discrediting everyone and their Atlantis research like a child who can't get his ice cream.

Maybe you should find an RPG game that matches your Bel Marduk character to keep your inactive mind busy.

You don't even have the slightest clue to the amount of research involved here and the Truth about Atlantis that we are revealing day by day.

Critics such as yourself have been trying to discredit Atlantis for 2575 years to no avail because there is too much proof lying around to be discovered such as the Azilian writings.

That is a beautiful quote from the Basque. I think that Boreas had mentioned a link to old Finnish with Basque. Here is something about the Alphernas-Beten:

"The first two people, Frey and Freya, who were born in the paradise time at the Northpole, spontaneously spoke a language called ROT. It became the language of the ASER. From the words and syllables of the ROT the ASER developped the VAN language which was spoken by the VANER all over the planet. Both languages are based on the same alphabet in which 23 sounds are in the ring, 6 are outside.

The alphabet itself contains the creation story. The order of the sounds within the ring is not coincidental. One sound creates the next after a special logic. Everything in this world has its assigned name. The confusion of tongues arose when the information system from HEL gradually was destroyed and manipulated by different rulers. People lost the natural associations and meanings embodied in the language, thus the contact with Oden, the sun as the life giving principle.

But nothing is really lost. The knowledge about the history of mankind still is hidden in the language and in the words we speak every day. The key to this knowledge is the alphabet(Alphernas-Beten) as it was kept in the Bock Family Saga . The SAGA we have outlined in the beginning arises from the logic patterns of the Alphabet and the words of the ROT language.This can be shown to everybody who has the time to go deeper into the meaning of the sounds.

The usage of the system is most effective in the ROT (say:root) language spoken in Southern Finland (today considered to be an accent of Swedish), the Finnish language and the English language which is a combination of ROT and VAN created by the ASER during the Ice-Age. All tropical languages (African dialects, Arabic etc.)derive from Pre-iceage VAN-language. "Germanic languages" are based on ROT.

The two most important sounds in the Alphabet are "o" ( spoken like: root ) and "i" ( spoken like : read ). "O" means Oden, and Oden is everything that exists. Oden is the sun, and Oden is the ring. connecting every being with the sun. It is also the symbol of the female. "i" is the symbol of an erected penis. The dot on the "i" is the sperm from which all people are begot. "i" also stands for information and "i"nside and represents male energy. Everything else arises from these two polar energies.

In the graphic you can see how from the Alphabet and the letters we use today in the Western world emerge the astrological symbols and numerals develop in a mathematical logical construction formed by a ring (O) and a pole ( I). This topic alone could fill a whole book and thus can be mentioned only.
We are just beginning to suspect which meaning the alphabet could have for todays life. Probably it is the key to the understanding of all myths."

I= I
the first I in the alphabet means:
The Axis of the earth

A= Aser
people who lived in the original ringland of Uudenmaa

B= Borri
Castle,
Burg

C= Skära
to share the Ra, gathering and dividing, give and take, also: to see,

D= Dag
Day,
Tag

E= Ek
Oak Tree, the soul-tree, the stemtree of all Vaner on the planet

F= Frö
Seed, sprout, Frey and Freya, the ideal

G= Grund
Ground, giving

H= Hel
Hel, light, bright, clear, complete, the original home

I=I
the second "I"in the Alphabet, the 12th son of the allfather ukko, who becomes the childrenmaker when he is 27 years old, actually this letter IS SYMBOLIZING his PENIS

J= Jarla
the highest- first- class of the ringlands outside Uudenma

K= Karla
The middle or second class of the ringlands outside Uudenmaa

L= Lag
the nature law, the logic

M= Måne
The Moon = King and Queen together-two sides (Mon-archy)

N= Nordstjerna
the Northstar, the Polestar, knowledge

O=Oden
Oden, the sun, the ring, everything that is existing, also the female equivalent to the I

P= Påle
The pole, the axis of the earth

Q= Quadrat
Quadrat, the Knowledge about mathematics

R= RA
a Symbol for the king and the moon, Ra is in the sperm (rolling out)

S= Sulen
the sun, the smiling mouth,

T= Tor
the Heart friend and Tor's hammer

U= Ursprung
origin

V= Vaner
Van = One, One people, one language.People living outside of Uudenmaa

X=EKS
the symbol of the tor-friends, everything that belongs to Oak tree, Friendship

Y = Yggdrasil
the world-tree, the woman-tree and the tree of all living things, the ashtree

Z= Ceta
The flash between two people

Å = river-system

Ä = field and clothing, plant power

Ö = Island

from www.bocksaga.de

I agree with you with most of your opinions here but my opinion is a little bit different about the central place of the migrations. I also agree that Europe is higly affected by these migrations but I believe the source of these migrations was not Atlantic ocean but today's Black Sea.

Some useful data.

It is a plausible theory that the reverence which the ancient peoples of Europe paid to the oak, and the connexion which they traced between the tree and their sky-god, were derived from the much greater frequency with which the oak appears to be struck by lightning than any other tree of our European forests. … It is certain that, like some savages, the Greeks and Romans … regularly enclosed such a stricken spot and treated it thereafter as sacred.

Perhaps the oldest oracular site in Greece is that of Dodona, from whose oak the famous Argo — an ark, whose oracular keel and sternpost (i.e. Carina) is equivalent to a hunter’s bow or spear and to a priest’s staff — was fashioned. (Recall, the hull is White/Apollonian, the keel is Red/Dionysian.) It is said that thunderstorms visit Dodona more frequently than anywhere else in Europe.

The real Silenus is the extreme optimist: Golden Age Kronos, master at once of precision and soul, of White and Red, teller of tales about utopian Atlantis. He is equivalent to the saturnine aboriginal, whether Latin, American, Australian, etc. He is rendered famously drunk, rhetorically and otherwise, by the Great Reversal. Robert Graves, from his Greek Myths:

Why the story of the Atlantic Continent should have been attributed to the drunken Silenus may be divined from three incidents reported in Plutarch (Life of Solon 25–9). The first is that Solon travelled extensively in Asia Minor and Egypt; the second, that he believed the story of Atlantis and turned it into an epic poem; the third, that he quarrelled with Thespis the dramatist who, in his plays about Dionysus, put ludicrous speeches, apparently full of topical allusions, into the mouths of satyrs. Solon asked: ‘Are you not alarmed, Thespis, to tell so many lies to so large an audience?’ When Thespis answered: ‘What does it mater when the whole play is a joke?’, Solon struck the ground violently with his staff: ‘Encourage such jokes in our theatre, and they will soon creep into our contracts and treaties!’

The whole wintertime community was akin to a netherworld island, like Kalypso’s Ogygia. A sea nymph and “daughter” of Bootes, Kalypso presides over “her father’s” island Ogygia, a.k.a. Erytheia — again, from the Greek erythros, “red,” hence the Latin rufus and ruber (as in rubric, ruby, rudimentary and ruddy), the Old High German rôt, and the Enlish red. In Irish myth said island is called Emain Ablach. The name Emain is an alternative form of emon, which means “a twin” or a “pair of twins.” Emain is equivalent to the P-I-E Yemo, the sacrificed king. The name Ablach means “having apple trees.” The word apple stems from the Old Church Slavonic ablŭcko, i.e. “off or from the lucus” or “from Lucifer”; it is also related to the Greek abol, “apple,” and apollunai, “to destroy,” which are largely the basis of the name Apollo. In the ritual leading to his sacrificial death, the Celtic regent would receive an apple (supposedly from the goddess of the Moon) as passport to the western island paradise. The apple, like the golden bough, is a passport to the land of the dead, to Father Dis, to Zeus, to Lucifer. The Cornish word for apple is aval, as in Avalon; and the name for Halloween in Cornwall is Allantide, meaning “apple time.” Likewise in Wales Halloween is called Hollantide.

Generally speaking, Ogygia is a paradise (enclosure, pond, garden, tomb, ark, castle, inn, cube, etc.), equivalent to Homer’s Elysian field. Ogygia lies to the west and south, beyond the Pillars of Hercules . Here’s a reference to the association between the constellation Hercules (with its remarkably square trunk) and the underworld, the land of the dead, i.e. the Pegasus Square, from which springs the World Tree. In the Odyssey Homer says that Ogygia is so far away that even winged Hermes has difficulty reaching it. Indeed, to methodically succeed in finding this island you would need to know quite a lot about latitude. Every astrolabe was designed to be used along a single latitude only, in reference to the azimuthal position of the celestial north pole. Inasmuch as Ogygia is said to be not only to the west but also to the south it is implicitly detached from the navigator’s art, for south of a certain latitude the celestial north pole is no longer visible. This is the old problem of longitudinal navigation, which was not solved until the 1700s CE. Therefore the mythological accounts which describe the land of the dead as an Earthly island are nevertheless describing a profoundly unreachable place.

In Peloponnesian legends, Inachus is said to have been the father of Phoroneus, the first human being.

He was the father of Niobe, the mother of all living beings and the first mortal who was loved by Zeus.She had a son named Argus, credited for teaching men how to cultivate wheat, and who became king of Peloponnese, then called as a whole Argos after him.

Zeus and Niobe had another son, Pelasgus, the eponym of the Pelasgians, the mythical people that lived in Greece before the Hellens, and supposedly the first man who lived in Arcadia).

http://plato-dialogues.org/tools/loc/argos.htm#io

He (Inachus) was chosen as arbitrator between Hera and Poseidon in their fight for the dominion over the country and decided in favor of Hera. Hera indeed, as she herself claims in the Iliad (Iliad, IV, 50-52), was the protector of Argos, where she had a very ancient temple, the Heraion.

Among the descendants of Inachus was Io, who is either said to be the daughter of Iasos, a great-grandson of Argus, or directly the daughter of Inachus.

She gave birth to the son she expected from Zeus, Epaphus. In Egypt, she was later known and honored as Isis.

Epaphus, the son of Zeus and Io, married Memphis, the daughter of the River-God Nile, from which he had a daughter named Libya, the eponym of the country west of Egypt. From Poseidon, Libya had twins, Agenor, the mythical hero of Phoenicia, and Belus, who became king of Egypt. Agenor became the father of Cadmus (the founder of Thebes), Phoenix (who settled in Sidon and gave his name to the Phoenicians) and Europa (the mother of Minos, son of Zeus and king of Crete), while Belus had two sons, Danaus and Ægyptus. Danaus had fifty daughters, the Danaides, while Ægyptus had fifty sons.

So it seems that a focal point for middle Earth was Peloponnesia and Argos, but Zeus was already on Crete.

Atlas, migrating from Atlantis to the Atalantes regions near Lake Tritonis settles there while his descendants cross the Tunisian Land bridge to Sicily, Malta and Crete.

Zeus, should be a descendant of Atlas and also the King Osiris as we see the statement of Io being worshipped as Isis in Egypt. This has to be prior to 3100 bC and King Menes of Egypt.

Inachus has a son the first man, Phoroneus who has a daughter Niobe, the first mortal love of Zeus from the Peleponnese. She has a son named Argus so Zeus must have been in the Peleponnese at that time or Niobe had an affair with him in Crete and went back to Peleponnesia. They have another son Pelasgus who is the eponym of the Pelasgians, the first Greeks.

Hera marries Zeus and claims the Peleponnese as Goddess of Protection and Armor after defeating Poseidon.

Around this time IO, a descendant from Inachus and the Peleponnese has an affair with Zeus and runs to Egypt from the fury of Hera.

Io gives birth to Epaphus in Egypt who marries Memphis.

Epaphus and Memphis have a daughter named Libya.

Interestingly enough, Libya gives birth to Twins from Poseidon Agenor,the hero of Phoenicia and Belus, King of Egypt.

Agenor has a son Cadmus who goes on to found Thebes in Boeotia, Greece. Phoenix settles Sidon and forms Phoenicia.
http://phoenicia.org/cadmus.html
http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Cadmus.html

Cadmus generally is thought to have reigned around 1400 bC and to have given the Greeks the Phoenician Alphabet which we know not to be true because that came from the Azilians in Western Europe.

Agenor also has a daughter Europa who also sleeps with Zeus and gives birth to King Minos of Crete.

King Belus has two sons Danaus and Aegyptus. The Danaids later go back to Peleponnesia.

The History of the Greeks.
http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-texts/ancient-greece/history-of-ancient-greece-2-origin.asp

The PELASGIANS are universally represented as the most ancient inhabitants of Greece. They were spread over the Italian as well as the Grecian peninsula; and the Pelasgic language thus formed the basis of the Latin as well as of the Greek. They were divided into several tribes, of which the Hellenes were probably one: at any rate, this people, who originally dwelt in the south of Thessaly, gradually spread over the rest of Greece. The Pelasgians disappeared before them, or were incorporated with them, and their dialect became the language of Greece. The Hellenes considered themselves the descendants of one common ancestor, Hellen, the son of Deucalion and Pyrrha. To Hellen were ascribed three sons, Dorus, Xuthus, and AEolus. Of these Dorus and AEolus gave their names to the DORIANS and AEOLIANS; and Xuthus; through his two sons Ion and Achaeus, became the forefather of the IONIANS and ACHAEANS. Thus the Greeks accounted for the origin of the four great divisions of their race. The descent of the Hellenes from a common ancestor, Hellen, was a fundamental article in the popular faith. It was a general practice in antiquity to invent fictitious persons for the purpose of explaining names of which the origin was buried in obscurity. It was in this way that Hellen and his sons came into being; but though they never had any real existence, the tales about them may be regarded as the traditional history of the races to whom they gave their names.

Attica is said to have been indebted for the arts of civilized life to Cecrops, a native of Sais in Egypt.

Pelops is represented as a Phrygian, and the son of the wealthy king Tantalus. He became king of Mycenae, and the founder of a powerful dynasty, one of the most renowned in the Heroic age of Greece. From him was descended Agamemnon, who led the Grecian host against Troy.

Whether there was such a person as the Phoenician Cadmus, and whether he built the town called Cadmea, which afterwards became the citadel of Thebes, as the ancient legends relate, cannot be determined;

So, in close way can see a clear myth describing the onset of those civilizations which needs to be placed in their appropriate chronologies and also why it was that the Egyptian Priest in Sais, Wedjahor-Resne, claimed that the Greeks were a thousand years before the Egyptians around 9570 bC.

In reality, what I feel is that all these myths would have to have been related just before and after the Great Flood where the opening of the Bosphorous straites around 6500 bC was also attributed to Io.

That being said, the chronology should be from 6500 bC with the early Pelasgians to the time of the Trojan War around 1200 bC.

From HOMER IN THE BALTIC, a shortened version of the info on Ogygia:

"As regards Ulysses' trips, after the Trojan War, when he is about to reach Ithaca, a storm takes him away from his world; so he has many adventures in fabulous localities until he reaches Ogygia, that is one of the Faroe Islands. These adventures, presumably taken from tales of ancient seamen and elaborated again by the poet's fantasy, represent the last memory of the sea routes followed by the ancient navigators of the Northern Bronze Age out of the Baltic, in the North Atlantic (where the «Ocean River» flows, i.e. the Gulf Stream), but they became unrecognizable because of their transposition into a totally different context. For example, the Eolian island, ruled by the «King of the winds», «son of the Knight», is one of the Shetlands (maybe Yell), where there are strong winds and ponies. Cyclops lived in the coast of Norway (near Tosenfjorden: the name of their mother is Toosa): they coincide with the Trolls of the Norwegian folklore. The land of Lestrigonians was in the same coast, towards the North; Homer says that there the days are very long (the famous scholar Robert Graves places the Lestrigonians in the North of Norway; moreover, in that area we find the island of Lamøj, which is probably the Homeric Lamos). The island of sorceress Circe -where there are clear hints at the midnight sun (Od., X, 190-192) and the revolving dawns (Od., XII, 3-4), typical phenomena of the Arctic regions- is one of the Lofoten, beyond the Arctic Circle. Charybdis is the well-known whirlpool named Maelstrom, south of the island of Moskenes (one of the Lofoten). South of Charybdis Odysseus meets the island Thrinakia, that means «trident»: really, near the Maelstrom lies Mosken, a three-tip island. The Sirens are shoals and shallows, off the western face of the Lofoten, before the Maelstrom area, which are made even more dangerous by the fog and the size of the tides. The sailors could be attracted by the misleading noise of the backwash (the «Sirens' Song» is a metaphor similar to Norse «kenningar») on the half-hidden rocks into deceiving themselves that landing is at hand, but if they get near, shipwreck on the reefs is inevitable."

I have some interesting material to post about the Anatolian Troy, including its colonies in Peloponnesia during the phase which is called Maritime Troy. I cannot get this info into one post, so it will take a day or two to dig up the info.

Here is a very nice link about the excavations at Troy during the 1990's. In particular, I want to call attention to the period which is called Maritime Troy 2900-2300 BC. This is almost exactly the same time period which is called the Egypt's Old Kingdom.

quote from: http://www.basarchive.org/sample/bswbBrowse.asp?PubID=BSAO&Volume=1&Issue=1&GroupID=1

Homer and Troy
Stratum by Stratum: Troy
Sidebar to: Can Archaeology Discover Homer’s Troy?
Maritime Troia Culture (2920–2300 B.C.)
Troy I, II, III

The first settlers arrived in Troy toward the beginning of the third millennium B.C. The city grew and prospered, developing into one of the earliest centers of bronze craftsmanship. Until recently, archaeologists assumed that Troy II was the successor of Troy I. In 1995, however, the new excavations confirmed Manfred Korfmann’s earlier thesis: Troy II was not a new “city” but a splendid citadel (enclosed by the dotted line in the plan below) with government and religious buildings erected in the later phase of Troy I and existing contemporaneously with the older settlement. The gold jewelry that Schliemann incorrectly identified as the Treasure of Priam originates from this or the following period. Between 2480 and 2420, the citadel was destroyed by fire. In the subsequent period (Troy III), the same inhabitants continued to live there. But by 2300, most of the population had deserted the city, probably after an earthquake. For the next 100 years Troy remained almost unoccupied.
Anatolian Troia Culture (2000–1750 B.C.)
Troy IV, V

New settlers, originating in Anatolia, occupied Troy toward the end of the third millennium B.C. At first things did not go particularly well for these recent arrivals. Troy IV was destroyed no fewer than seven times by fire; moreover, statistical evaluations of animal bones found in the corresponding layers show that during this period Trojans had difficulty obtaining enough meat. By 1900 conditions had stabilized, but around 1750 these people also left the city.
Trojan High Culture (1700–1180 B.C.)
Troy VI, VIIa
After 50 years, new occupants moved into Troy once again, building the mightiest Bronze Age city, the most likely city of Homer’s Troy. The current excavations indicate that these new Trojans belonged to a different culture from that of their predecessors, probably an Anatolian people perhaps related to the Hittites. During the construction of their citadel and city, they showed no reverence for the old structures and even plundered burial sites. The city grew into an important center for trade and also for horse breeding and pottery and wool production. Between 1250 and 1230 the palaces in the citadel area were extensively destroyed—perhaps by an earthquake, attack, social upheaval, fires, or several of these factors—and in their place appeared considerably smaller buildings (Troy VIIa). Around 1180 the city was attacked from outside and thoroughly burned.
Trojan Culture with Balkan Influences (1180–1000/950 B.C.)
Troy VIIb

After the war, another people settled in the city alongside the old population. Less than half a century later, more new immigrants arrived, this time from the Balkans. Until shortly after 1000, Troy VIIb’s mixed population carried on trade with regions west of the Aegean—though not with the vigor of Troy VI. Over approximately the next 250 years, the city became sparsely populated.
endquote

Thank you very much for your link, I’ll read it prudently.

Your post's timing is unbelievable.
I was thinking about the mysterious appearance of Hittites in Anatolia these last times, I started to research for them two days ago (since Hatties actualy 3000BC )and their connections with Sea People and Troy. There are very interesting links between them.And their writings seem much accurate than the infos we have from Greece and Egypt.Unfortunately the names are so different and it makes it like a riddle.
I hope I can put them together and share with you soon.
I couldn’t reach the Hittite tablet’s english translations online, if you have links please pass them to me so we could share proper translations

Hittites are almost a mystery, it looks like they have extentions all around Anatolia even Syria,there are traces also near Black sea.But now this is clear that their capital, capital of Hattie land was Hattuþaþ in Boðazkale inbetween today's Çorum and Yozgat. Their unearthed history is dated to 1700BC.
Commonly agreed theory is that they came in to Anatolia by bosphorus from North, but yet nothing is for sure.
It is very interesting that in one of their tablets they say:

"We come from the land where the sun rises from the sea"

I believe we should pay a little attention to Hittites.

But first in this post, I want to list the biography of Dardanus and Erichthonius who according to Greek myth, founded Athens. These two mythical heroes originated at Ilios in Turkey. This is important because in the Critias, Plato declares that Egyptian priests discussed Erichthonius when they were describing the Atlantean war.

My previous post about archaeology during the 1990's at Troy pointed out that we recently discovered that the lower city (Ilios) was at least 9 times as big as its upper citadel (Troy).

The following link presents a literary analysis of Homer's city of Ilios (which was called Wilusa in Hittite Documents, and archaeologists now presume Ilios was actually a Hittite city during the famous Trojan War around 1200 BC). The link contains a nice map of the region around the Dardanelles and Troy. For example it shows the island of Aigai, from which Poseidon watched the Trojan War. And the island of Smintheus, which was famous as the home of Sminthean Apollo.

quote from: http://www.troya.com.mx/Towns_Iliad/TOWNS.html

THE FOUNDATION OF ILIOS
The Iliad's account about the foundation of Ilios appears to reflect the arrival of the Bronze Age through various ethnic migrations into and out of this area and the world abroad—
XX; 215:
At the first Zeus, the cloud-gatherer, begat Dardanus, and he founded Dardania, for not yet was sacred Ilios builded in the plain to be a city of mortal men, but they still dwelt upon the slopes of many-fountained Ida. And Dardanus in turn begat a son, king Erichthonius, who became richest of mortal men. Three thousand steeds had he that pastured in the marsh-land... And Erichthonius begat Tros to be king among the Trojans, and from Tros again three peerless sons were born, Ilus, and Assaracus, and godlike Ganymedes that was born the fairest of mortal men... And Ilus again begat a son, peerless Laomedon, and Laomedon begat Tithonus and Priam and Clytius, and Hicetaon, scion of Ares.

Later stories, based on the above genealogy, give many additional details of other personages involved in the foundation of Ilios, sometimes at variance with each other, but, in the main, represent Tros as the founder of Troy and Ilos as the founder of Ilios. However, none explains how there came to be a Troia, the country, and a Troia, the city, as well as an Ilios. But on a cue with with Genesis IV 17, where Cain founded a city and 'he named the city after the name of his son Enoch', one may adduce that Tros was the eponymous ancestor of the Troes, the collective name of several independent tribes federated in a commonwealth, after whom Troia, the name of a country, was so called. Also, one may adduce that Tros founded Ilios and called his son Ilos after the name of the city, and that Ilos founded Troia, a city, which he called after the name of his father Tros.
.....

The prize of the Trojan War was Ilios, and not so, as one might think, the city of Troy which might be thought of as the seat of the country's civil administration. Though the site was well protected by natural defenses, it was not beyond the taking by a concerted military effort, thus the story of a long siege rings as though the Trojan War was a holy war, and that the taking of Ilios obeyed to some ritual, such that the destruction of its precincts will have been on the order of their desecration by unholy acts. Little now remains of Ilios as described in the Iliad, for in the course of some three thousand years and more since the Trojan War, the site has seen continuous occupation. Consequently, only inferences may be drawn from the descriptions about this or that place, until that time when archaeological investigation may yield specific information.
.....

11. THE TEMPLE OF ATHENE: Nothing now remains of the precinct within the Walls of Ilios, excepting strong reminiscences by way of association of ideas:

VI; 297:
Now when they were come to the enclosure of Athene on the city height, the doors were opened for them by fair-cheeked Theano... for her had the Trojans made priestess of Athene... Then with sacred cries they all lifted up their hands to Athene; and fair- cheeked Theano took the robe and laid it upon the knees of fair-haired Athene...

Given the generally watery connections of Athene with places such as springs, wells, sources of rivers, marshes, and the like, and the homology of Kallicolone with the glans, and of her precinct with the urinary meatus, one might easily adduce that her temple may have been a sacred well, or reservoir of some sort, or, on a cue with Hecabe's propitiatory offering of her finest robes, perhaps even a tannery. These robes—of an indeed very special sort—were likely designed and produced at Pergamos (Avala and Djerzeles), and, they likely were broidered with information about the future—hence Hecabe, in offering them, wished to learn about the fate of Ilios from the image of Athene. Could the image—which moved, for it answered negatively—have been a tortoise, whose aegis or shell was symbolic of literature?

endquote

Why is Schliemann's city called Troy?

Riven,

I forgot...RE:

"4.1.2 The basic uninflected form for the Etruscan word "God" was AIS. This form served as a nominative (subject)/accusative (direct object) case. The plural was formed by means of the suffix -er, thus ais-er "Gods". The genitive of the plural was formed by the adding the genitive suffix, in this case the genitive II suffix, directly to the plural suffix, ais + -er+ -as & aiseras "of the Gods"."

The original people called themselves As, and as you describe, the plural adds -er. And as well those descendants outside of the center ring-lands were called Van (meaning and pronounced "one")also with -er tagged on as a plural. Please understand these were PEOPLE, who their descendants mistakenly termed "gods". This developed following the forced separation of the tropicals from their Alfather and Almater in Hel caused by the onset of Ice-time.

From Dr. Felice Vinci's HOMER IN THE BALTIC (now being published in English) http://www.innertraditions.com/isbn/1-59477-052-2

a shortened version:

"Let us look for the region of Troy now. In the Iliad it is located along the Hellespont Sea, which is systematically described as being «wide» or even «boundless». We can, therefore, exclude the fact that it refers to the Strait of the Dardanelles, where the city found by Schliemann lies. The identification of this city with Homer's Troy still raises strong doubts: we only have to think of Finley's criticism in the World of Odysseus. It is also remarkable that Schliemann's site corresponds to the location of the Greek-Roman Troy; however, Strabo categorically denies that the latter is identifiable with the Homeric city (Geography 13, 1, 27). On the other hand, the Danish Medieval historian Saxo Grammaticus, in his Gesta Danorum, often mentions a population known as «Hellespontians» and a region called Hellespont, which, strangely enough, seems to be located in the east of the Baltic Sea. Could it be Homer's Hellespont? We can identify it with the Gulf of Finland, which is the geographic counterpart of the Dardanelles (as both of them lie northeast of their respective basins). Since Troy, as we can infer from a passage in the Iliad (XXI, 334-335), lay North-East of the sea (further reason to dispute Schliemann's location), then it seems reasonable, for the purpose of this research, to look at a region of southern Finland, where the Gulf of Finland joins the Baltic Sea. In this area, west of Helsinki, we find a number of name-places which astonishingly resemble those mentioned in the Iliad and, in particular, those given to the allies of the Trojans: Askainen (Ascanius), Karjaa (Caria), Nästi (Nastes, the chief of the Carians), Lyökki (Lycia), Tenala (Tenedos), Kiila (Cilla), Raisio (Rhesus), Kiikoinen (the Ciconians) etc. There is also a Padva, which reminds us of Italian Padua, which was founded, according to tradition, by the Trojan Antenor and lies in Venetia (the «Eneti» or «Veneti» were allies of the Trojans). What is more, the place-names Tanttala and Sipilä (the mythical King Tantalus, famous for his torment, was buried on Mount Sipylus) indicate that this matter is not only limited to Homeric geography, but seems to extend to the whole world of Greek mythology.

What about Troy? Right in the middle of this area, halfway between Helsinki and Turku, we discover that King Priam's city has survived the Achaean sack and fire. Its characteristics correspond exactly to those Homer handed down to us: the hilly area which dominates the valley with its two rivers, the plain which slopes down towards the coast, and the highlands in the background. It has even maintained its own name almost unchanged throughout all this time. Today, Toija is a peaceful Finnish village, unaware of its glorious and tragic past.

Various trips to these places, from July 11 1992 onwards, have confirmed the extraordinary correspondence between the Iliad's descriptions and the area surrounding Toija. What is more, there we come across many significant traces of the Bronze Age. Incredibly, towards the sea we find a place called Aijala, which recalls the "beach" («aigialos»), where, according to Homer, the Achaeans beached their ships (Il., XIV, 34). The correspondence extends to the neighbouring areas. For example, along the Swedish coast facing Southern Finland, 70 km north of Stockholm, the long and relatively narrow Bay of Norrtälje recalls Homeric Aulis, whence the Achaean fleet set sail for Troy. Nowadays, ferries leave here for Finland, following the same ancient course. They pass the island of Lemland, whose name reminds us of ancient Lemnos, where the Achaeans stopped and abandoned the hero Philoctetes. Nearby is Åland, the largest island of the homonymous archipelago, which probably coincides with Samothrace, the mythical site of the metalworking mysteries. The adjacent Gulf of Bothnia is easily identifiable with Homer's Thracian Sea, and the ancient Thrace, which the poet places to the North-West of Troy on the opposite side of the sea, probably lay along the northern Swedish coast and its hinterland (it is remarkable that the Younger Edda identifies the home of the god Thor with Thrace). Further south, outside the Gulf of Finland, the island of Hiiumaa, situated opposite the Esthonian coast, corresponds exactly to Homer's Chios, which, according to the Odyssey, lay on the return course of the Achaean fleet after the war.

In short, apart from the morphological features of this area, the geographic position of the Finnish Troas fits Homer's directions like a glove. Actually, this explains why a «thick fog» often fell on those fighting on the Trojan plain, and Ulysses's sea is never as bright as that of the Greek islands, but always «dark-wine» and «misty». As we travel through Homer's world, we experience the harsh weather which is typical of the Northern world. Everywhere in the two poems the weather, with its fog, wind, rain, cold temperatures and snow (which falls on the plains and even out to sea), has little in common with the Mediterranean climate; moreover, sun and warm temperatures are hardly ever mentioned.
There are countless examples of this; for instance, when Ulysses recalls an episode of the Trojan War:

«The night was bad, after the north wind dropped,
and freezing; then the snow began to fall like icy frost
and ice congealed on our shields» (Od., XIV, 475-477).

In a word, most of the time the weather is unsettled, so much so that a bronze-clad fighting warrior invokes a cloudless sky during the battle (Il., XVII, 643-646). We are worlds away from the torrid Anatolian lowlands. The way in which Homer's characters are dressed is in perfect keeping with this kind of climate. In the sailing season they wear tunics and heavy cloaks which they never remove, not even during banquets. This attire corresponds exactly to the remains of clothing found in Bronze Age Danish graves, down to such details as the metal brooch which pinned the cloak at the shoulder (Od., XIX, 226). Moreover, this fits in perfectly with what Tacitus states on Germanic clothing:

«The suit for everyone is a cape with a buckle»
(«sagum fibula consertum»; Germania, 17, 1).

This northern collocation also explains the huge anomaly of the great battle which takes up the central books of the Iliad. The battle continues for two days (Il., XI, 86; XVI, 777) and one night (Il., XVI, 567). The fact that the darkness does not put a stop to the fighting is incomprehensible in the Mediterranean world, but it becomes clear in the Baltic setting. What allows Patroclus's fresh troops to carry on fighting through to the following day, without a break, is the faint night light, which is typical of high latitudes during the summer solstice. This interpretation -corroborated by the overflowing of the Scamander during the following battle (in the northern regions this occurs in May or June owing to the thaw)- allows us to reconstruct the stages of the whole battle in a coherent manner, dispelling the present-day perplexities and strained interpretations. Furthermore, we even manage to pick out from a passage in the Iliad (VII, 433) the Greek word used to denominate the faintly-lit nights typical of the regions located near the Arctic Circle: the «amphilyke nyx» is a real "linguistic fossil" which, thanks to the Homeric epos, has survived the migration of the Achaeans to Southern Europe.

It is also important to note that the Trojan walls, as described by Homer, appear as a sort of rustic fence made of wood and stone, similar to the archaic Northern wooden enclosures (such as the Kremlin Walls up to the 15th century) much more than the mighty strongholds of the Aegean civilizations.

Troy, therefore, was not deserted after the Achaeans plundered and burnt it down, but was rebuilt, as the Iliad states:

«At this point Zeus has come to hate Priam's stock,
so Aeneas's power will rule the Trojans now
and then his children's children and those who will come later on» (Il., XX, 306-308).

On the contrary, Virgil's quite tendentious, and much more recent, tale of Aeneas's flight by sea from the burning city of Troy (a homage paid to the emperor Augustus's family, considered Aeneas's descendant) is absolutely unrelated to the real destiny of the Trojan hero and his city after the war. As regards this "Finnish" Aeneas, the first king of the dynasty that, according with Homer, ruled Troy after the war (that is a kingdom which, under Priam, dominated a vast area in southern Finland; Il., XXIV, 544-546) it should be very tempting to suppose a relationship between his name and «Aeningia», Finland's name in Roman times (Pliny, Natural History, IV, 96).

It is remarkable that farmers often come across Bronze and Stone Age relics in the fields surrounding Toija. This is proof of human settlements in this territory many thousands of years ago. Further, in the area surrounding Salo (only 20 km from Toija), archaeologists have found splendid specimens of swords and spear points that date back to the Bronze Age and are now on display in the National Museum of Helsinki. These findings come from burial places, which include tumuli made of large mounds of stones that can be found at the top of certain hills, which rise from the plain today, but which, thousands of years ago, when the coastline was not as far back as it is nowadays, faced directly onto the sea. This relates to a passage in the Iliad, where Hector challenges an Achaean hero to a duel, undertaking, in case of victory, to give back the corpse of his opponent

«so that the long-haired Achaeans can bury him
and erect a mound for him on the broad Hellespont,
and some day one of the men to come,
sailing with a multioared ship on the wine-dark sea, will say:
"This is the mound of a man slain in ancient times,
he excelled but renowned Hector killed him"»
(Il., VII, 85-90; the description of Achilles' tomb in the last canto of the Odyssey is analogous).

These Homeric mounds «on the broad Hellespont» and the Bronze Age ones near Salo are remarkably similar."

Schlieman's "Troy" was a citadel (or stronghold) which was located near and above the Hittite city of Wilusa (= Ilios in Greek language).

This community (ca 1900-1200 BC) was built on top of an older community which archaeologists call "Maritime Troy", and date to the period 2900-2300 BC.

I expect that Vinci's hypothesis uses a date around 1500 BC for a potential migration from Helsinki, around the Atlantic coast of Europe, with an aim to conquer the whole Mediterranean region.

Therefore it is most likely that Vinci's hypothesis makes no claims at all about the society which archaeologists call Maritime Troy (2900-2300 BC, in Anatolia).

The "Flood of Ogyges" is merely another name for the "Flood of Attica/Athens". The Flood of Deucalion is presumably self-explanatory. These are the 1st and 2nd floods which Plato was referencing in the mythical era.

But the 3rd flood deserves serious attention. It was called the Flood of Dardanus, and it took place in Samothrace and in the Peloponnese, which was also the homeland of the Pleiades titanesses (daughters of Atlas, and thus etymologically they were Atlanteans). In a recent post, I demonstrated that Dardanus came from coastal Turkey, in the marshy Scamander River Valley, and was regarded as a son of Zeus.

According to Carlos Parada's myth website, the son of Dadanus replaced Atlas as the mythical king of Arcadia. But the website of Carlos Parada does not give many details.

According to both the ancient Greeks and the early Christians, this flood of Dardanus took place when the Black Sea suddenly rose to a higher level and overflowed into the Aegean Sea. This ancient theory is exactly opposite to a recent theory, that water burst INTO the Black Sea from the Aegean around 5500 BC. I presume the ancient and modern versions are putting different spins on basicly the same phenomenon.

There were several versions of myths about the Flood of Dardanus. The one I find most logical is that Dardanus and his people suffered the flood while they were colonizing Samothrace. Then Dardanus's son migrated to the Peloponese, and replaced Atlas as king of Arcadia.

Here is the link which analyzes the 3 great mythical floods of Greek Mythology.

quote about the Flood of Dardanus from: http://englishatheist.org/folklore/four2.shtml

We have seen that in Greek legend the third great deluge was associated with the name of Dardanus. Now according to one account, Dardanus at first reigned as a king in Arcadia, but was driven out of the country by a great flood, which submerged the lowlands and rendered them for a long time unfit for cultivation. The inhabitants retreated to the mountains, and for a while made shift to live as best they might on such food as they could procure ; but at last, concluding that the land left by the water was not sufficient to support them all, they resolved to part; some of them remained in the country with Dimas, son of Dardanus, for their king ; while the rest emigrated under the leadership of Dardanus himself to the island of Samothrace.
According to a Greek tradition, which the Roman Varro accepted, the birthplace of Dardanus was Pheneus in north Arcadia The place is highly significant, for, if we except the Copaic area, no valley in Greece is known to have been from antiquity subject to inundations on so vast a scale and for such long periods as the valley of Pheneus.

The natural conditions in the two regions are substantially alike. Both are basins in a limestone country without any outflow above ground : both receive the rain water which pours into them from the surrounding mountains : both are drained by subterranean channels which the water has worn or which earthquakes have opened through the rock ; and whenever these outlets are silted up or otherwise closed, what at other times is a plain becomes converted for the time being into a lake.

But with these substantial resemblances are combined some striking differences between the two landscapes. For while the Copaic basin is a vast stretch of level ground little above sea-level and bounded only by low cliffs or gentle slopes, the basin of Pheneus is a narrow upland valley closely shut in on every side by steep frowning mountains, their upper slopes clothed with dark pine woods and their lofty summits capped with snow for many months of the year. The river which drains the basin through an underground channel is the Ladon, the most romantically beautiful of all the rivers of Greece. Milton's fancy dwelt on "sanded Ladon's lilied banks"; even the prosaic Pausanias exclaimed that there was no fairer river either in Greece or in foreign lands; and among the memories which I brought back from Greece I recall none with more delight than those of the days I spent in tracing the river from its birthplace in the lovely lake, first to its springs on the far side of the mountain, and then down the deep wooded gorge through which it hurries, brawling and tumbling over rocks in sheets of greenish-white foam, to join the sacred Alpheus. Now the passage by which the Ladon makes its way underground from the valley of Pheneus has been from time to time blocked by an earthquake, with the result that the river has ceased to flow. When I was at the springs of the Ladon in 89, I learned from a peasant on the spot that three years before, after a violent shock of earthquake, the water ceased to run for three hours, the chasm at the bottom of the pool was exposed, and fish were seen lying on the dry ground. After three hours the spring began to flow a little, and three days later there was a loud explosion, and the water burst forth in immense volume. Similar stoppages of the river have been reported both in ancient and modern times ; and whenever the obstruction has been permanent, the valley of Pheneus has been occupied by a lake varying in extent and depth with the more or less complete stoppage of the subterranean outlet.

According to Pliny there had been down to his day five changes in the condition of the valley from wet to dry and from dry to wet, all of them caused by earthquakes In Plutarch's time the flood rose so high that the whole valley was under water, which pious folk attributed to the somewhat belated wrath of Apollo at Hercules, who had stolen the god's prophetic tripod from Delphi and carried it off to Pheneus about a thousand years before However, later in the same century the waters had again subsided, for the Greek traveller Pausanias found the bottom of the valley to be dry land, and knew of the former existence of the lake only by tradition At the beginning of the nineteenth century the basin was a swampy plain, for the most part covered with fields of wheat or barley But shortly after the expulsion of the Turks, through neglect of the precautions which the Turkish governor had taken to keep the mouth of the subterranean outlet open, the channel became blocked, the water, no longer able to escape, rose in its bed, and by 80 it formed a deep lake about five miles long by five miles wide. And a broad lake of greenish-blue water it still was when I saw it in the autumn of 89,with the pine-clad mountains descending steeply in rocky declivities or sheer precipices to the water's edge, except for a stretch of level ground on the north, where the luxuriant green of vineyards and maize-fields contrasted pleasingly with the blue of the lake and the sombre green of the pines. The whole scene presented rather the aspect of a Swiss than of a Greek landscape. A few years later and the scene was changed. Looking down into the valley from a pass on a July afternoon, a more recent traveller beheld, instead of an expanse of sea-blue water, a blaze of golden corn with here and there a white point of light showing where a fustanella'd reaper was at his peaceful toil The lake had disappeared, perhaps for ever ; for we are told that measures have now been taken to keep the subterranean outlets permanently open, and so to preserve for the corn the ground which has been won from the water.

A permanent mark of the height to which the lake of Pheneus attained in former days and at which, to all appearance, it must have stood for many ages, is engraved on the sides of the mountains which enclose the basin. It is a sharply drawn line running round the contour of the mountains at a uniform level of not less than a hundred and fifty feet above the bottom of the valley. The trees and shrubs extend down the steep slopes to this line and there stop abruptly. Below the line the rock is of a light-yellow colour and almost bare of vegetation ; above the line the rock is of a much darker colour. The attention of travellers has been drawn to this conspicuous mark from antiquity to the present day. The ancient traveller Pausanias noticed it in the second century of our era, and he took it to indicate the line to which the lake rose at the time of its highest flood, when the city of Pheneus was submerged.

This interpretation has been questioned by some modern writers, but there seems to be little real doubt that the author of the oldest extant guide-book to Greece was substantially right; except that the extremely sharp definition of the line and its permanence for probably much more than two thousand years appear to point to a long-continued persistence of the lake at this high level rather than to a mere sudden and temporary rise in a time of inundation. " It is evident," says the judicious traveller Dodwell, " that a temporary inundation could not effect so striking a difference in the superficies of the rock, the colour of which must have been changed from that of the upper parts by the concreting deposit of many ages."

In a valley which has thus suffered so many alternations between wet and dry, between a broad lake of sea-blue water and broad acres of yellow corn, the traditions of great floods cannot be lightly dismissed ; on the contrary everything combines to confirm their probability. The story, therefore, that Dardanus, a native of Pheneus, was compelled to emigrate by a great inundation which swamped the lowlands, drowned the fields, and drove the inhabitants to the upper slopes of the mountains, may well rest on a solid foundation of fact. And the same may be true of the flood recorded by Pausanias, which rose and submerged the ancient city of Pheneus at the northern end of the lake.

From his home in the highlands of Arcadia, the emigrant Dardanus is said to have made his way to the island of Samothrace According to one account, he floated thither on a raft; but according to another version of the legend, the great flood overtook him, not in Arcadia, but in Samothrace, and he escaped on an inflated skin, drifting on the face of the waters till he landed on Mount Ida, where he founded Dardania or Troy. Certainly, the natives of Samothrace, who were great sticklers for their antiquity, claimed to have had a deluge of their own before any other nation on earth. They said that the sea rose and covered a great part of the flat land in their island, and that the survivors retreated to the lofty mountains which still render Samothrace one of the most conspicuous features in the northern Aegean and are plainly visible in clear weather from Troy.

As the sea still pursued them in their retreat, they prayed to the gods to deliver them, and on being saved they set up landmarks of their salvation all round the island and built altars on which they continued to sacrifice down to later ages. And many centuries after the great flood fishermen still occasionally drew up in their nets the stone capitals of columns, which told of cities drowned in the depths of the sea.

The causes which the Samothracians alleged for the inundation were very remarkable. The catastrophe happened, according to them, not through a heavy fall of rain, but through a sudden and extraordinary rising of the sea occasioned by the bursting of the barriers which till then had divided the Black Sea from the Mediterranean. At that time the enormous volume of water dammed up behind these barriers broke bounds, and cleaving for itself a. passage through the opposing land created the straits which are now known as the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles, through which the waters of the Black Sea have ever since flowed into the Mediterranean. When the tremendous torrent first rushed through the new opening in the dam, it washed over a great part of the coast of Asia, as well as the flat lands of Samothrace.

Now this Samothracian tradition is to some extent confirmed by modern geology. "At no very distant period," we are told, "the land of Asia Minor was continuous with that of Europe, across the present site of the Bosphorus, forming a barrier several hundred feet high, which dammed up the waters of the Black Sea. A vast extent of eastern Europe and of western central Asia thus became a huge reservoir, the lowest part of the lip of which was probably situated somewhat more than 00 feet above the sea-level, along the present southern watershed of the Obi, which flows into the Arctic Ocean. Into this basin, the largest rivers of Europe, such as the Danube and the Volga, and what were then great rivers of Asia, the Oxus and Jaxartes, with all the intermediate affluents, poured their waters. In addition, it received the overflow of Lake Balkash, then much larger ; and, probably, that of the inland sea of Mongolia. At that time, the level of the Sea of Aral stood at least 60 feet higher than it does at present. Instead of the separate Black, Caspian, and Aral seas, there was one vast Ponto-Aralian Mediterranean, which must have been prolonged into arms and fiords along the lower valleys of the Danube, and the Volga (in the course of which Caspian shells are now found as far as the Kuma), the Ural, and the other affluent rivers—-while it seems to have sent its overflow, northward, through the present basin of the Obi."

This enormous reservoir or vast inland sea, bounded and held up by a high natural dam joining Asia Minor to the Balkan Peninsula, appears to have existed down to the Pleistocene period ; and the erosion of the Dardanelles, by which the pent-up waters at last found their way into the Mediterranean, is believed to have taken place towards the end of the Pleistocene period or later But man is now known for certain to have inhabited Europe in the Pleistocene period; some hold that he inhabited it in the Pliocene or even the Miocene period. Hence it seems possible that the inhabitants of Eastern Europe should have preserved a traditional memory of the vast inland Ponto-Aralian sea and of its partial desiccation through the piercing of the dam which divided it from the Mediterranean, in other words, through the opening of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles. If that were so, the Samothracian tradition might be allowed to contain a large element of historical truth in regard to the causes assigned for the catastrophe.

On the other hand geology seems to lend no support to the tradition of the catastrophe itself. For the evidence tends to prove that the strait of the Dardanelles was not opened suddenly, like the bursting of a dam, either by the pressure of the water or the shock of an earthquake, but that on the contrary it was created gradually by a slow process of erosion which must have lasted for many centuries or even thousands of years ; for the strait "is bounded by undisturbed Pleistocene strata forty feet thick, through which, to all appearance, the present passage has been quietly cut." Thus the lowering of the level of the Ponto-Aralian sea to that of the Mediterranean can hardly have been sudden and catastrophic, accompanied by a vast inundation of the Asiatic and European coasts ; more probably it was effected so slowly and gradually that the total amount accomplished even in a generation would be imperceptible to ordinary observers or even to close observers unprovided with instruments of precision.

Hence, instead of assuming that Samothracian tradition preserved a real memory of a widespread inundation consequent on the opening of the Dardanelles, it seems safer to suppose that this story of a great flood is nothing but the guess of some early philosopher, who rightly divined the origin of the straits without being able to picture to himself the extreme slowness of the process by which nature had excavated them.

As a matter of fact, the eminent physical philosopher Strata, who succeeded Theophrastus as head of the Peripatetic school in 87 B.C., actually maintained this view on purely theoretical grounds, not alleging it as a tradition which had been handed down from antiquity, but arguing in its favour from his observations of the natural features of the Black Sea. He pointed to the vast quantities of mud annually washed down by great rivers into the Euxine, and he inferred that but for the outlet of the Bosphorus the basin of that sea would in time be silted up. Further, he conjectured that in former times the same rivers had forced for themselves a passage through the Bosphorus, allowing their collected waters to escape first to the Propontis, and then from it through the Dardanelles to the Mediterranean. Similarly he thought that the Mediterranean had been of old an inland sea, and that its junction with the Atlantic was effected by the dammed up water cutting for itself an opening through the Straits of Gibraltar.

Accordingly we may conclude that the cause which the Samothracians alleged for the great flood was derived from an ingenious speculation rather than from an ancient tradition.

endquote

Generally it is thought that the flood of Ogyges was around 1530 bC just after the birth of Moses.

It also seems that some scholars are not certain if the flood of Ogyges and that of Deucalion are actually the same floods. Apparently there may also have been a flood of Inachus which I am not exactly sure at this time where this would fit in but it should be around that of Dardanus.

Dardanus.....5500 bC
Inachus......?
Ogyges.......1530 bC

Deucalion....1450 bC

Eusebius of Caesarea

Now the first king of Argos is Inachus, the Athenians at that time having as yet no city and no name. But the first ruler of the Argives is contemporary with the fifth king of Assyria after Semiramis, a hundred and fifty years after her and Moses, in which time nothing remarkable is recorded to have happened among the Greeks. But at this period of time the Judges were ruling among the Hebrews.

Then again more than three hundred years later, when more than four hundred were now completed from the time of Semiramis, the first king of the Athenians is Cecrops their celebrated Autochthon when Triopas was ruler of Argos, who was seventh from Inachus the first Argive king.

And in the interval between these the flood in the time of Ogyges is recorded, and Apis was the first to be called a god in Egypt, and Io the daughter of Inachus, who is worshipped by the. Egyptians under the altered name of Isis, became known, as also Prometheus and Atlas.

From Cecrops to the capture of Troy are reckoned little short of other four hundred years, in which fall the marvellous tales of Greek mythology, the flood in the time of Deucalion, and the conflagration in the time of Phaethon, there having been, probably, many catastrophes on the earth in various places.

Now Cecrops is said to have been the first to call God Zeus, He not having been previously so named among men: and next to have been the first to found an altar at Athens, and again the first to set up an image of Athena, as even these things were not existing of old.

After his time come the genealogies of all the gods among the Greeks. But among the Hebrews at this time the descendants of David were reigning, and the prophets who succeeded Moses were flourishing: so that according to the published testimony of the philosopher there are more than eight hundred years reckoned in all from Moses to the capture of Troy.
http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/fathers/eusebius_pe_10_book10.htm

The Metamorphoses
http://www.tonykline.co.uk/Browsepages/Latin/Metamorph.htm

The Golden Age
acorns fallen from Jupiter’s spreading oak-tree.

The Silver Age
When Saturn was banished to gloomy Tartarus, and Jupiter ruled the world, then came the people of the age of silver that is inferior to gold, more valuable than yellow bronze. Jupiter shortened spring’s first duration and made the year consist of four seasons, winter, summer, changeable autumn, and brief spring. Then parched air first glowed white scorched with the heat, and ice hung down frozen by the wind. Then houses were first made for shelter: before that homes had been made in caves, and dense thickets, or under branches fastened with bark. Then seeds of corn were first buried in the long furrows, and bullocks groaned, burdened under the yoke.

The Bronze Age

Third came the people of the bronze age, with fiercer natures, readier to indulge in savage warfare, but not yet vicious.
And now harmful iron appeared, and gold more
harmful than iron. (Bronze)

Jupiter invokes the floodwaters

Straight away he shut up the north winds in Aeolus’s caves, with the gales that disperse the gathering clouds, and let loose the south wind, he who flies with dripping wings, his terrible aspect shrouded in pitch-black darkness

The Flood

Jupiter’s anger is not satisfied with only his own aerial waters: his brother the sea-god helps him, with the ocean waves. He calls the rivers to council, and when they have entered their ruler’s house, says ‘Now is not the time for long speeches! Exert all your strength. That is what is needed. Throw open your doors, drain the dams, and loose the reins of all your streams!’ Those are his commands. The rivers return and uncurb their fountains’ mouths, and race an unbridled course to the sea.

Neptune himself strikes the ground with his trident, so that it trembles, and with that blow opens up channels for the waters. Overflowing, the rivers rush across the open plains, sweeping away at the same time not just orchards, flocks, houses and human beings, but sacred temples and their contents. Any building that has stood firm, surviving the great disaster undamaged, still has its roof drowned by the highest waves, and its towers buried below the flood. And now the land and sea are not distinct, all is the sea, the sea without a shore.

Generally this Jupiter flood is thought to be that of Deucalion.

Dardanus 1, son of Zeus and the Pleiad Electra 3 lived in Samothrace, but when his brother Iasion [see Demeter], who was among the most handsome, was killed by Zeus with a thunderbolt because of his love affair with Demeter, he left the island, and coming to the opposite mainland he settled in the territory, which at the time was ruled by Teucer 2.

Some say that this emigration took place because life in Samothrace, with its poor soil and boisterous sea, was hard for Dardanus 1 and his people. So sailing from the island, he came to the strait called the Hellespont, and settled in the region which afterwards was called Phrygia.

Teucer 2, son of the river god Scamander 1 and the nymph Idaea 1, was then king of that country, and the people were called Teucrians after him.King Teucer 2 welcomed the foreigner, and gave him his daughter Batia 1 as wife, and along with her, a share of his land. Those who are interested in proving that the Trojans were Greeks affirm that Teucer 2 had himself emigrated from Attica, and that the reason why he received Dardanus 1 with generous hospitality is that he was glad to see arrive new Greek colonists to this land which had but a small native population, and that he believed Dardanus 1 would assist him in his wars against the barbarians.

When Dardanus 1 died, his son Erichthonius 1 became king of the Dardanians and the richest of men, as he inherited both the kingdom of his father, and that of his maternal grandfather. Erichthonius 1 married Astyoche 3 (daughter of the river god Simois), or as others say, Callirrhoe 3, a sister of Teucer 2. By one of them he had a son Tros 1, who after coming to the throne, called the people Trojans, and the land Troad after himself.
http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Troy.html

The other interesting factor is that they are all descendants of ATLAS.

Dardanus 1 is a son of Zeus.

Atlas is said to have reigned in Arcadia and have been succeeded by Deimas, son of Dardanus 1, the king who is at the origin of the royal house of Troy.

Atlas in the far west
But Atlas is also said to have ruled in northwestern Africa where he had, among other riches, a tree with golden leaves, golden branches, and golden fruits. Some affirm that these are the Golden Apples that were given by Gaia, as a wedding present, to Zeus and Hera.

Arcadia is the region in central Peloponnesus south of Achaea, north of Messenia and Laconia, east of Argolis and west of Elis.

The first king in Arcadia is said to have been Pelasgus 1, after whom the inhabitants of the Peloponnesus were called Pelasgians. But otherwise, he is remembered as the king of Argos who received and protected Danaus 1 and his daughters, the DANAIDS.

It is my belief that the confusion between Atlas of Africa and Atlas of Arcadia is testament to the crossing of the Tunisian landbridge to Sicily,Malta,Crete and the Peleponnese.

We must also bear in mind the VERY important worship of ATHENA/NEITH in the ENTIRE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN regions of ATTICA,PELEPONNESIA,CRETE,TROY and EGYPT.

The impression being that Lake Tritonis and the Tunisian landbridge and the Qadaan migration movement to Lower Egypt was responsible for the early settlements of the Eastern mediterranean regions as testified by the Egyptian Priest, Wedjahor-Resne to Solon in 570 bC that the Greeks arrived around 9570 bC and the Egyptians around 8570 bC.

There seems to be a tug-of-war here between the EAST vs WEST as the onset of civilizations.

The preference being that the WEST was in fact the origins of EUROPE, the Aterians and Azilians as testaments to the advanced knowledge of Technology and the Writing carried Eastward to those regions of Sicily,Italy,Greece,Crete,Anatolia, Egypt, Phoenicia and Sumeria.

Since the onset of the Biblical scrolls around 450bC and the pyschological power of The Bible being attributed to Israel which Jerusalem became favored in the minds of men, that historians often attribute those regions as the birth of civilizations and the Garden of Eden which carefully over time they conformed the Great Book to reflect even upto today.

We have seen the coercion of historic writings through time by such great foundations as the Rockford institutes,Freemasons,leftist wings and other propogandas that twist and distort the human mind to accept their erroneus teachings, still taught today to our children.

As time goes by and the onset of the awakening of Aquarius transforms into human kind, we will see that much is needed to be corrected in our history schools as evidence unfolds to us every day and the truth to advanced civilizations such as the Aterians and Azilians unfold.

You are, all, Atlanteans from the Atlantic Ocean and the shores of West Africa and West Europe as we also see from the DNA Haplogroup X where even Western Tribes as the Solutreans migrated to America that is still found in American Indians of yesterday.

This also is what Ior Boch and his family preserved Boch Sagas are also trying to tell us.

Every 10,000 years, man is technologicaly advanced.

5 billion years have gone bye.

And the footsteps of countless Atlanteans, cross the musky planks to Atlantis.

We are about to change mainstream Science.

The Dragon has flown.

[R]Riven.. the Seer and Royal Bloodline to Atlantis.[R]

You asked how we can identify "Troy" with a place near the Scamander River in Anatolia.

The Greek name Troy probably came from
Tros, who was a son of Erichthonius and a grandson Dardanus.

Here is a link which explains these personalities, as known from the archives of other nations. As you will see below, the Hittites probably called Troy by the name of Ta-ru-i-sa. And Ramses II probably called Dardanus by the name Da-ar-da-an-ya.

quote from: http://www.phoenixdatasystems.com/goliath/c3.htm
Two earlier lists, which have not yet been mentioned, are also significant to our study: first, the list from Pharaoh Ramesses II of the Hittite allies that fought against him and, second, the Hittite list of the Assuwa League of allies (in western Anatolia) who struggled against them.

Pharaoh Ramesses II fought against the Hittite king Hattusili III at Kadesh of the Orontes in northern Syria around 1285 B.C. He recorded the names of the Hittite allies who opposed him; among them are the following: 1) Pi-da-sa, 2) Da-ar-d(a)-an-ya, 3) Ma-sa, 4) Qa-r(a)-qi-sa, 5) Ru-ka, and 6) Arzawa. The first name has been associated with Pedasos in Mysia of the Troad south of Troy, the second with the Dardanoi of the Troad, the third with southwest Anatolia, the fourth with Caria, the fifth with Lukka/Lycia, and the sixth with Arzawa in western Anatolia (Barnett 1975, 359-62; Breasted 1906, 3:123ff.; Gardiner 1961, 262ff.).

The Assuwa League was defeated by the Hittites around 1250 B.C. It had been formed to fight against the collapsing Hittite empire. The list of its members contains the names of twenty-two allies from western Anatolia. Three of these names are immediately familiar: Luqqa (Lycia), Ta-ru-i-sa (Troy), and Karkija (Caria). Also mentioned are Wilusiya (Ilios) and Warsiya (Lycia) (Albright 1950, 169; Gurney 1952, 56-58; Stubbings 1975, 349-50). A few years after the defeat of the Assuwa League by the Hittite king Tudhaliya IV, Lycia, Caria, and possibly a few others showed up among the Trojan allies fighting against the Achaeans, according to the Iliad.

There is some disagreement among scholars about the identities of the members of the Assuwa League.
endquote

It is becoming apparent that Ilios (and a group of 22 cities which allied with it) seceded from the Hittite empire shortly after the peace treaty at Kadesh in 1285 BC, between the Hittites and the Egyptians.

quote from: http://home.gwu.edu/~ehcline/US_News_and_World_Report_article.html
The small size and relative poverty of the ruins on this mound, called Hissarlik, have led many archaeologists and historians to doubt this was the place of the heroic battles of The Iliad; Frank Kolb, from the University of Tubingen, Germany, has described the site as "a miserable little settlement."

But Troy is getting bigger. Much bigger. Recent excavations have unearthed an extensive town outside the citadel walls, dated to around 1300 B.C.--the approximate time when Homer's Trojan War is supposed to have occurred. "The town makes Troy about 15 times larger than previously thought," reports Manfred Korfmann, the University of Tubingen archaeologist directing the dig, in the current issue of Archaeology . That would raise the Trojan population size, too, from several hundred to perhaps 10,000--enough to form a sizable army. The new work has also unearthed fortifications, imported pottery, swords, and a seal that reveals trading ties to far-flung cities. "Clearly, Troy at this time was incredibly wealthy, incredibly strong," says Brian Rose of the University of Cincinnati, who has also excavated at the site. More and more, Troy is looking like something worth fighting for and a place worthy of an epic poem--as well as a full-blown film epic like Troy, the Hollywood historical spectacular that opened last week starring Brad Pitt, Peter O'Toole, a very large wooden horse, and the obligatory cast of thousands.

Just who was doing the fighting in reality, and why, has to be understood against the backdrop of the Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age, from 1600 to 1200 B.C. This was a world where villages were starting to come together and join forces as regional states, and that meant some jockeying for control over land and resources. One of the first to rise to prominence was Mycenae, a city in southern Greece, across the Aegean Sea from Troy--and the legendary seat of King Agamemnon.

Launching ships. Mycenae, according to Homer, was where the trouble with the Trojans started. Agamemnon's brother, Menelaus, was married to the famous Helen. But Paris of Troy, egged on by some meddlesome gods, kidnapped Helen and brought her home. Agamemnon, to help his brother, rounded up Odysseus, Achilles, a few other accomplished warriors, and a thousand ships, and set sail in pursuit. At Troy, however, they were stymied for 10 years by the army of Paris's father, King Priam, and the stout walls of the city. Then the Greeks faked a retreat, leaving behind a troop of commandos hidden in a big wooden horse. The Trojans took the horse into the city, the commandos came out at night and opened the city gates, and the Greeks returned to sack the place.

Heinrich Schliemann, the wealthy amateur German archaeologist who made the first serious excavations at Troy, arrived at Mycenae about 3,100 years after these battles supposedly took place. In 1876, Schliemann began cutting a trench just inside the so-called Lion's Gate and found five large, rectangular shafts. They were graves, holding bodies that were, literally, covered in gold. Goblets, swords, breastplates, crowns, and jewelry were everywhere, and the faces were shielded by gold masks. Legend has it that Schliemann held up one of these masks and then wrote to the king of Greece, saying, "I have gazed upon the face of Agamemnon." Unfortunately, Schliemann was wrong: The excavated finds predated the Trojan War by hundreds of years--dates verified by later archaeologists. (This wasn't the first time Schliemann's enthusiasm leapt ahead of his science. At Troy, he uncovered a cache of jewels, draped them over his own wife, Sophie, and pronounced them to be the "Jewels of Helen." Once again, however, he had his dates wrong.)

Agamemnon remains, so far as anyone knows, a fictional character. But Mycenae and its wealth, uncovered by Schliemann, were quite real. Starting about 1600 B.C., the palace-state was a major player in Mediterranean culture and politics. And it was just one part of a larger civilization. Other, similar sites ranged across Greece, including Pylos, Argos, and Tyrins. At all of these places, residents began acquiring wealth and using it to build power bases, says Jack Davis, an archaeologist at the University of Cincinnati. "The palaces are all really big," says Davis. "And they are filled with specialized rooms. There were rooms for food storage, rooms for ceramics, chariot repair shops, and archive rooms with records written on stone tablets. Many of the walls were plastered, and some had frescoes."

Gold and silver. This consolidation of power probably came about because the Mycenaeans controlled sources of precious metals and were able to use them to start trading networks. To the south, on the island of Crete, a group called the Minoans had developed elaborate gold and silver craftworks. What they didn't have was the raw gold and silver; the mainland people did, and that was the start of a mutually beneficial exchange. The Minoans were also trading elsewhere, with Cyprus and Egypt, and the Mycenaeans became plugged into this network.

There was one problem: Expanding spheres of influence, inevitably, bump into other expanding powers. The Mycenaeans, as they stretched eastward, ran into the empire of the Hittites, a civilization that dominated much of what is now called Turkey. From their capital, Bogazkoy, the Hittites controlled vast trade routes stretching east to Asia, south toward Egypt and Assyria, and north to the Black Sea. In time, some of these routes began moving goods west to the Mediterranean. And there, Hittite records show, they started knocking heads with a people whom they called the Ahhiyawa. Tablets found in the ruins of Hittite palaces speak of battles and reconciliations with these people along Turkey's western coast and into the Aegean. Today most scholars think the Ahhiyawa were none other than the Mycenaeans.

Here, archaeological records start to recall the Homeric legends. One of those Mycenaean clashes, sometime prior to 1300 B.C., was over an area in northwestern Turkey that the Hittite texts call Wilussa. The Hittites took some pains to maintain good relations with Wilussa because it was a regional power, capable of raising armies and in a position to control key shipping lanes. "Even if the land of Wilussa has seceded from the land of the Hattusa [as the Hittites called themselves], close ties of friendship were maintained . . . with the kings of the land," wrote a Hittite king to the ruler of Wilussa in a treaty. So here is a bone of contention between the Mycenaeans and their rivals, sitting approximately where Troy sits today. This history sounds more specifically Homeric, says Joachim Latacz, a classics scholar from the University of Basel, when one considers Homer's name for Troy in The Iliad was "Ilios." Bronze Age Greeks would have pronounced it "Wilios." And that's just too close to Wilussa for coincidence. Add to that a Bronze Age seal, inscribed in a Hittite language, found in Troy, and "it's likely, though not completely certain," says Rose, "that Troy was Wilussa."

Forts and slingshots. The new size of Troy adds to that likelihood. Korfmann, among others, had been troubled by the skimpy area covered by Troy's citadel. He performed a geomagnetic scan that revealed a strange line: It snaked around the citadel, about 400 yards away. Digging down, archaeologists found a deep ditch, several yards across. Behind the ditch the diggers found postholes dug into the bedrock, of the type to support a palisade. The complex appears to be a fortification, designed to stop things like onrushing chariots.

There are other signs of hostilities. The archaeologists have found piles of rounded stones used as ammunition for slingshots. "This is what defenders in a siege would have used. It's just what we find at Masada, for instance, the site of another famous siege, " says Cline. "That they are piled up means the people are under attack."

The town that the archaeologists have unearthed between the outer barrier and the fortress walls is no country hamlet. "It covers a broad area, extending out from the citadel for about 400 yards," says Rose. "The houses tend to have stone foundations, mud brick walls, and timber roofs. We can even see the remains of Bronze Age kitchens, including cooking vessels and table wares." Since the houses are in tight groups, yet the groups are scattered around, it's likely there were more houses in between that haven't been found or were destroyed. It would be odd to build little clumps of houses at various places between the citadel and the outer wall, says Cline, so it makes more sense to see these groupings as remnants of a denser town. "This is really a neighborhood of many homes," he says. "Together with the citadel and the ditch, it's a city, no doubt about it."

And like any complex settlement, this city had dwellers of different social status, including aristocracy. The archaeologists have found a burial of a man "who seems to have died on the operating table," says Rose. "There were signs that his brain was swelling and they tried to relieve it with trephination." This was an ancient medical technique, in which holes were cut into the skull to relieve pressure. It was, obviously, a risky procedure, and not attempted on just anyone. "You don't trephinate commoners. So this was a member of some elite," says Rose.

Agamemnon of the house of Atreus....Brother in law of Menelaeas. One interesting point discussed in HOMER IN THE BALTIC is the question of why, really, would the whole world go to war over the theft of a woman? Homer repeatedly insists that this is the sole reason for the war.
The fact that Menelaeas, the injured party, is really a relatively minor character in in the story, seems to reveal that this is a true history.

Anyway, Helen and Clytemnestra are sisters, the daughters of powerful Tyndareus. The abduction of Helen could have been a private matter, or could it have jeopardized Menelaus' claim to the throne of Sparta, which had been vested in him as a result of his marriage to Helen, causing a "constitutional crisis" in his (or rather HER) kingdom. This is the real reason for the war: the Achaean kings intended to regain the beautiful queen, not for her beauty, but because she was a queen, in order to restore to Menelaus his rights to the throne of Sparta(and, above all, to preclude a dangerous precedent). In particular, it is clear why Agamemnon, Menelaus' brother invested so much in the success of the expedition: he had become king of Mycenae thanks to his marriage to Tyndareus' eldest daughter. What they have the loss of is "geras", also possessed by Ulysses by virtue of his marriage to Penelope. "Geras" is status, privilege, and royal honors of sovereignty, and the right of bequeathing that sovereignty to ones descendants. This is what Paris stole along with the body of Helen. This is a huge public offence against a king, and a death blow to the status of his succeeding generations.

Another point illustrated in HOMER IN THE BALTIC:

Moreover, in a Greek environment one would expect a surfeit of pottery, but this is not the case: in both poems tableware is made solely of metal or wood, while pottery is absent. The poet talks of metal vases, usually of gold or silver.
For example, in Ulysses's palace in Ithaca,

«a maid came to pour water from a beautiful
golden jug into a silver basin?(Od., I, 136-137).

People poured wine into gold goblets?(Od., III, 472) and gold glasses?(Od., I, 142). Lamps (Od., XIX, 34), cruets (Od., VI, 79) and urns, like the one (Il., XXIII, 253) containing Patroclus's bones, were made of gold. The vessels used for pouring wine were also of metal: when one of them fell to the ground, instead of breaking, it boomed?(Od., XVIII, 397). In a word, on the one hand, the Homeric poems do not mention any ceramic pottery, which is typical of the Mediterranean world, but, on the other, they are strikingly congruent with the Northern world, where scholars find a stable and highly advanced bronze founding industry, compared to the pottery one, which was far more modest. As to the poor, (in HOMER) they used wooden jugs (Od., IX, 346; XVI, 52), i.e. the cheapest and most natural form of vessel, considering the abundance of this material in the North: Esthonia and Latvia have a very ancient tradition of wooden beer tankards.

Jupiter and his Mighty Folk had not always dwelt amid the clouds on the mountain top. In times long past, a wonderful family called Titans had lived there and had ruled over all the world. There were twelve of them–six brothers and six sisters–and they said that their father was the Sky and their mother the Earth. They had the form and looks of men and women, but they were much larger and far more beautiful.

The name of the youngest of these Titans was Saturn; and yet he was so very old that men often called him Father Time. He was the king of the Titans, and so, of course, was the king of all the earth besides.

Men were never so happy as they were during Saturn's reign. It was the true Golden Age then. The springtime lasted all the year. The woods and meadows were always full of blossoms, and the music of singing birds was heard every day and every hour. It was summer and autumn, too, at the same time. Apples and figs and oranges always hung ripe from the trees; and there were purple grapes on the vines, and melons and berries of every kind, which the people had but to pick and eat.

Of course nobody had to do any kind of work in that happy time. There was no such thing as sickness or sorrow or old age. Men and women lived for hundreds and hundreds of years and never became gray or wrinkled or lame, but were always handsome and young. They had no need of houses, for there were no cold days nor storms nor anything to make them afraid.
Nobody was poor, for everybody had the same precious things–the sunlight, the pure air, the wholesome water of the springs, the grass for a carpet, the blue sky for a roof, the fruits and flowers of the woods and meadows. So, of course, no one was richer than another, and there was no money, nor any locks or bolts; for everybody was everybody's friend, and no man wanted to get more of anything than his neighbors had.
When these happy people had lived long enough they fell asleep, and their bodies were seen no more. They flitted away through the air, and over the mountains, and across the sea, to a flowery land in the distant west.
http://www.authorama.com/old-greek-stories-4.html

From Astrologicaly Atlantis;

The closest I see so far is at Nov 1,6482 bC,9:00pm,where Pluto(eye) is in Orion's hand and Mars(Horus child) is ahead of Leo with Neptune,Saturn(Seth)is beside Pluto,and Jupiter(RA) is in Taurus.(Nut)
"Ra gets on the cows back".

There were two famous places named Olympia in ancient Greece. I tend to think of them as senior (but smaller) Olympia and younger (but higher) Olympia in Thessaly which was the home of the Olympian gods.

Senior Olympia was located in the territory called Elis (i.e. the Elysian fields), on the west side of the Peloponnese. According to Carlos Parada's website, Cronos (Saturn) had a temple here during the Golden Age.
http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Olympia.html

Several groups of people migrated to Elis in the aftermath of the flood of Deucalion. These newcomers included: Dactyls from Crete, Endymion's people from Mt Latmos in Turkey (near the city Miletos, which would later become a Greek colony), and Pelops's people from Smyrna in Turkey.

During the first 50 years after the flood of Deucalion, there was a migration of people from Crete to the Peloponnesian teritory which would soon become known as Elis. This first migration was led by Heracles the Dactyl (whom Carlos Parada calls Heracles 2). At a date 50 years after the flood, Corax, the son of Heracles the Dactyl became king in Elis.

But then Zeus fathered a shepherd named Endymion in Asia Minor, near Mt Latmos, and led Endymion to sail west to Elis where he became the next king. Epeius 1, son of Endymion, succeded his father as king of Elis.

This sequence of events encouraged a claim that Zeus had ben raised among the Dactyls of Crete. But logic suggests that, on the contrary, Endymion's dynasty were merely linking themselves and their god Zeus to their predecessors at Elis, to acquire (for Endymion's people) a more legitimate right to rule in the territory of Elis.

The third group to arrive was Pelops's people who came from the city Smyrna (in Turkey). These people became so numerous, and so influential, that they gave their name to the whole Peloponnesian peninsula. (note: Peter James wrote a book titled The Sunken Kingdom, which suggests that Pelops's people were the Atlanteans, and that Tantalus (king of Smyrna) was the Atlas prototype for Atlantis.)

These three migrations, around 1500 BC +/- 200 years, are likely to be related to the "Ahiyyawa problem" which affects modern translations of Hittite documents. Modern scholars debate the exact location of Ahhiyawa, but suspect it was related to an accumulation of "Achaeans" near Mycenaean Greece. The city of Miletos is called Milawanda in the relevant Hittite texts.

It seems clear that the territory of Elis, because it was on the WEST side of the Peloponese, had escaped from the tsunami that destroyed much of the Aegean world when Thera/Santorini erupted (1628/1470 BC). Presumably the 3 groups of people who fled to Elis at that time thought their previous lands in particular (and the whole Aegean region in general) had been cursed or jinxed by Poseidon, the earthshaker god.

[This message has been edited by atalante (edited 03-23-2005).]

The depiction of "The Golden Age" is great, and matches almost seamlessly with the descriptions of the pre-Icetime Uuden-maa and Hel, even to the statement that the youngest son would be king (at age 27 the youngest son would be the new king/Alfather/Breeder, replacing his father. The older brothers would not have children, as that was the responsibility of the Alfather).

I think that the idea of them living for hundreds of years was because generation after generation, the same name was given to royal offspring, the name was a title and a responsibility until retirement and the elder "Thor" or "Sybilla" would take a new name and the younger would step up to the "role".

Of course we know more of their death rites now. The old stories are filled with so much metaphor. Ior Bock's telling of the method of death seems so much more logical amongst a loving and friendly people.

quote:

---

Jupiter and his Mighty Folk had not always dwelt amid the clouds on the mountain top.

---

sounds to me like "Jupiter and his Mighty Folk" could have inhabited Robert's Sarmast's Atlantis/Eden, which certainly resembles Cyprus before it sank over a mile.

Beginning on the side of Egypt,

Adyrmachidae-to the harbor called Port Plynus.

Gilligammae-far as the island of Aphrodisias.
Off this tract is the island of Platea.
Port Menelaus, and Aziris, where the Cyrenaeans once lived.

Asbystae- Four-horse chariots

Auschisae/Cabalians- to the sea at the place called Euesperides. Tauchira city.

Nasamonians, a numerous people,

Psylli-disappeared from SandStorm.

Garamantians
Macea
Gindanes/Lotophagi
Machlyans-far as the great river Triton.

Triton, which empties itself into the great lake Tritonis. Here, in this lake, is an island called Phla, which it is said the Lacedaemonians were to have colonized, according to an oracle.

Auseans-feast in honor of Minerva

The Auseans declare that Minerva is the daughter of Neptune and the Lake Tritonis---they say she quarreled with her father, and applied to Jupiter, who consented to let her be his child; and so she became his adopted daughter.

Machlyans/Auseans inhabit the borders of Lake Tritonis, being separated from one another by the river Triton.
Maxyans-let the hair grow long on the right side of their heads,say that they are descended from the men of Troy.

Zavecians, whose wives drive their chariots to battle.

Gyzantians;vast deal of honey is made by bees.

Off their coast, as the Carthaginians report, lies an island, by name Cyraunis, the length of which is two hundred furlongs, its breadth not great, and which is soon reached from the mainland. Vines and olive trees cover the whole of it, and there is in the island a lake, from which the young maidens of the country draw up gold-dust, by dipping into the mud birds' feathers smeared with pitch.

The Carthaginians also relate the following: There is a country in Libya, and a nation, beyond the Pillars of Hercules, which they are wont to visit, where they no sooner arrive but forthwith they unlade their wares, and, having disposed them after an orderly fashion along the beach, leave them, and, returning aboard their ships, raise a great smoke. The natives, when they see the smoke, come down to the shore, and, laying out to view so much gold as they think the worth of the wares, withdraw to a distance. The Carthaginians upon this come ashore and look. If they think the gold enough, they take it and go their way; but if it does not seem to them sufficient, they go aboard ship once more, and wait patiently. Then the others approach and add to their gold, till the Carthaginians are content. Neither party deals unfairly by the other: for they themselves never touch the gold till it comes up to the worth of their goods, nor do the natives ever carry off the goods till the gold is taken away.

Ammonians-Theban Jupiter temple,face like that of a ram.

Augila-dates(fruit)

Garamantians, a very powerful people four-horse chariots

Troglodyte Ethiopians-feed on serpents, lizards, and other similar reptiles
language soundslike screeching of bats.

Atarantians

Atlantes

Mountain called Atlas, very taper and round; so lofty, moreover, that the top (it is said) cannot be seen, the clouds never quitting it either summer or winter. The natives call this mountain "the Pillar of Heaven"; and they themselves take their name from it, being called Atlantes. They are reported not to eat any living thing, and never to have any dreams.

The inhabitants of the parts about Lake Tritonis worship in addition Triton, Neptune, and Minerva, the last especially. The dress wherewith Minerva's statues are adorned, and her Aegis, were derived by the Greeks from the women of Libya. For, except that the garments of the Libyan women are of leather, and their fringes made of leathern thongs instead of serpents, in all else the dress of both is exactly alike. The name too itself shows that the mode of dressing the Pallas-statues came from Libya. For the Libyan women wear over their dress stripped of the hair, fringed at their edges, and colored with vermilion; and from these goat-skins the Greeks get their word Aegis (goat-harness). I think for my part that the loud cries uttered in our sacred rites came also from thence; for the Libyan women are greatly given to such cries and utter them very sweetly. Likewise the Greeks learnt from the Libyans to yoke four horses to a chariot.

Cinyps region yields three hundred-fold

The country of the Cyrenaeans, which is the highest tract within the part of Libya inhabited by the wandering tribes, has three seasons that deserve remark. First the crops along the sea-coast begin to ripen, and are ready for the harvest and the vintage; after they have been gathered in, the crops of the middle tract above the coast region (the hill-country, as they call it) need harvesting; while about the time when this middle crop is housed, the fruits ripen and are fit for cutting in the highest tract of all. So that the produce of the first tract has been all eaten and drunk by the time that the last harvest comes in. And the harvest-time of the Cyrenaeans continues thus for eight full months

For the eastern side of Libya, where the wanderers dwell, is low and sandy, as far as the river Triton; but westward of that the land of the husbandmen is very hilly, and abounds with forests and wild beasts. For this is the tract in which the huge serpents are found, and the lions, the elephants, the bears, the aspics, and the horned asses. Here too are the dog-faced creatures, and the creatures without heads, whom the Libyans declare to have their eyes in their breasts; and also the wild men, and wild women, and many other far less fabulous beasts.

Satur I the Great (at Knossos)..........fl. period 1725-1675 ?
Saa---tepi (at Tiliss)..................fl. period 1650-1600 ?
Saasi--- (at Lato)......................fl. period 1650-1600 ?
Sakavipi (at Knossos)...................fl. period 1625-1575 ?
Sa---nora & Saunon (co-rulers at Amnis).fl. period 1625-1575 ?
Saiapis & Satur II (co-rulers at Tiliss)fl. period 1625-1575 ?
Sa---nas (at Vi---non)..................fl. period 1625-1575 ?
Satetot (at Po---)......................fl. period 1625-1575 ?
Apafatop & Satur III (co-rulers at Dav).fl. period 1625-1575 ?
Satur IV (at Lato)......................fl. period 1625-1575 ?
Sakav & Saasi--- (co-rulers at Fest)....fl. period 1625-1575 ?
---tot (at Rako---s)....................fl. period 1625-1575 ?
Ridon (at Aptera).......................fl. period 1625-1575 ?
---av (at Kidonia)......................fl. period 1625-1575 ?
Iasiton (at Minoia).....................fl. period 1625-1575 ?
---nai---d (at Knossos).................fl. period 1600-1575 ?
Na---napu--- (at Knossos)...............fl. period 1600-1550 ?

The previous list is skeptical as also stated by the author.

Athough Stonehenge is surrounded by mystery and clouded in the mists of time, there is one practical use of the ancient monument: it is an astronomical observatory that measures the movements of the sun, the moon, and perhaps, the stars. The findings of astronomy may not lead us to the exactitudes of Neolithic life and the construction of the monument and its origins, but what is clear is that Stonehenge is still a viable and useful calendar of extreme accuracy. With the use of computers, Stonehenge, an absolute peak of astronomical genius, might be used as such today.

Moreover, an ancient bronze calendar tablet discovered near Coligny, France in 1897 believed to be the calendar of the tribe of Celts called the Sequani, sheds amazing light on the use of stone circles and in particular, Stonehenge. The astronomy of the ancients is easily understood and made applicable to today's night sky by understanding the basic principles upon which the text of the bronze calendar, called The Sequani Calendar, and Stonehenge is based. Keeping in mind the diversity of the stone circles of the ancient world and the diversity of the belief systems of Celts, especially in the myths of each tribe, certain basics of Druidic belief are a simple and clear beginning to understanding the calendar systems of these ancient astronomer-priests.

In 1988, Alban Wall published a paper in the Epigraphic Society Occasional Publications (Vol.17) that summarizes the similarities of Stonehenge and The Sequani Calendar. According to Wall, both Stonehenge and The Sequani Calendar are luni-solar, both are based on a 19 year cycle or the Metonic cycle of the moon, and both have months that basically alternate between 30 and 29 nights. Both can be expanded to 235 months that are divided into light and dark halves which begin at the first quarter moon. The months, or as the ancients called them, "moonths" have the full moon marked on the eighth night of the light half of each lunar cycle and the new moon as the eighth night of each dark cycle. On The Sequani Calendar, the full moon is designated as the Oenach or people's holiday and the new moon is the Druid's Holy Night.

Each marks the solar year holidays at the solstices and the equinoxes as well as the cross-quarter days the same as they are celebrated in Neo-Pagan circles today: Winter Solstice, Imbolc, Spring Solstice, May Day, Summer Solstice, Lugnasad, Fall Equinox, and Samhain. These well-known solar holidays were easily adapted to the Roman calendar that we use today, but the moonths were never transferred to our calendar as they involve the precision that a luni-solar calendar demands in order that each lunar cycle remain one moonth or month. Stonehenge and The Sequani Calendar, as mentioned above, both retain the luni-solar months and yearly cycle so that they follow the moon and the sun with "extremely close reconciliation of lunar with solar time" (Wall 30). To do this, The Sequani Calendar allows for an Intercalary Moonth every two years and six months. Both, however, give special prominence to the solstices.

The year on Stonehenge and The Sequani Calendar is divided into two distinct halves: a light and a dark half. The light half begins at the Winter Solstice when the new light of the year begins on December 21st, and the dark half begins at the Summer Solstice with the disappearing of the longest summer day on June 21st. In their Winter Solstice Oenach, the new year is celebrated on the full moon or eighth day of the moonth of the Winter Solstice. Similarly, the Summer Solstice is celebrated on the mid-point of the lunar cycle of the Summer Solstice moonth. The holiday celebrated in the dark half indicates special observance of the Summer Solstice in the darkest part of the moonth which is the eighth day of the dark half of the moon or the Holy Night of the new moon. Light is welcomed as the light in the darkness and cold of winter and darkness is welcomed as the relief from the long summer days.

Alban Wall observes that both Stonehenge and The Sequani Calendar differ from most other luni-solar calendars in their special prominence given to the solstices, their amazing accuracy of the reconciliation of lunar with solar time, and their division of the year into two halves with their year beginning on the Winter Solstice. Moreover, both calendars differ from all other luni-solar calendar systems relative to the marking of the special days of the moon in each moonth such as the beginning of the moonth as the first quarter or sixth day of the waxing moon, the full moon on the eighth night of the first half of the moonth and the new moon of the eighth night of the dark half of the moonth. They also differ from all other calendars as to their marking of the Winter and Summer Solstices.

Wall remarks that "It is highly significant that no lunar calendar other than the Coligny system, anywhere in the world or at any time in history, began its months at the first quarter moon- except the one embodied in the stones and holes of Stonehenge" (32). In the first century B.C., the historian Diodorus Siculus remarked that in the regions beyond the lands of the Gauls, there lies an island where the moon god visits every nineteen years, "the period in which the return of the stars to the same place in the heavens is accomplished; and for this reason the nineteen year period is called by the Greeks 'the year of Meton.' " Here, states Siculus, is a "notable temple which is spherical in shape" (quoted in Wall 32).

The fact that Stonehenge and The Sequani Calendar alone begin their moonths on the sixth day of the moon and that the island culture referred to by Siculus in his description of Stonehenge uses the Metonic cycle of the moon is strong evidence to correlate these highly developed systems of calendars which might have taken eons to develop and perfect. Siculus' statement as to the genius of the accomplishment that marks the stars returning to the same place in the heavens in the Metonic cycle might draw another important parallel between Stonehenge and The Sequani Calendar: if the stars are measured on The Sequani Calendar would it not then be highly possible for the stars to be marked by Stonehenge? Why wouldn't a group of highly educated astronomers and creators of a calendar system in stone and bronze include a map of the stars in their calculations of the cycles of the moon and the sun in their stone circles?

Wall has designated that the outer circle of Stonehenge, or what he calls the "Sun Circle," is used to count the days in the year by advancing a marker stone two holes each day, probably at Sunrise and Sunset in the ceremonies of the Celts. This circle gives a total of the days of the solar year if done thirteen times to equal 364 days. The next two inner circles of Stonehenge, traditionally called the "Y" and "Z" holes designate the lunar moonths by advancing one hole each day, first around the "Y" circle, then around the "Z" circle. Wall calls these the "Lunar Circles." The next inner circle, The Sarsen Stones, symbolizes the 29.5 nights of the moonth, one megalith being half size. The magnificent Trilithon horseshoe represents the phases of the moon, and the Year Dial of stones within them is used to count the nineteen year cycle of 235 months. Where then could the stars be measured on this ancient calendar?

A group of researchers including myself, Eadhmonn Ua Cuinn and Barbara Carter, have translated the original reconstruction of the calendar found in the headwaters of the Seine at Coligny. Using the reconstruction of the bronze tablets done by Eoin MacNeill for the Royal Irish Academy in 1926, our group translated the calendar by silk-screening concentric circles to represent each moonth of the first year. Using computers to translate the astronomy into the year 2001, Barbara, our astronomer, was able to identify the stars, the moons and the sun marked in the ancient text. Eadhmonn, a master stone-carver and artist, and a crew of graphic artists, including Mark Butervaugh, designed the Celtic circles for each month, and I researched the goddesses and gods that told the story of the stars, the moon and the sun from their Iron Age references to their Neolithic roots using my training in comparative mythology.

As we move through the second year of the calendar for reproduction for the public, we are gaining a keener awareness of the stars presented in the text. The Sequani Calendar marks a star of primary magnitude at the beginning of each moonth designated as the PRIN. These twelve primary stars appear on the Eastern Horizon shortly after sunset when the moon is a first quarter moon in its sixth day of waxing, the first day of each moonth for the Celts. They are easy to identify as they are the brightest in the night sky and appear first to the naked eye. The constellations of these stars are deities of the Celts, and as they travel the night sky through the seasons, their stories are told. In turn, groups of constellations in each season tell the stories of the seasons of the year.

Although the year is a circle without beginning or end, the beginning of the light half of the year appears at the Winter Solstice in the first lunar cycle of the year called Samonios. The PRIN, or first magnitude star to guide us on the first quarter moon, is the twin stars of Castor and Pollux, the Divine Twins of both Greek and Celtic mythology. In Celtic mythology, the twins symbolize a strong birth, a single birth from one egg containing mortal and immortal life. Twins such as Fiachra and Conn in the Irish tale of the "Fate of the Children of Lir" and Nissyen and Evnissyen in the Welsh Mabinogion exemplify the Divine Twins. In the second moonth, Dumannios, the guiding star or PRIN is Sirius and in the third moonth, Rivros, it is Regulus. Both these stars as well as Orion are representatives of the Great Goddess of the Winter Sky: Brigantia in Britain, Brigit, in Ireland, Brighid in Wales, and Brigantu in Gaul. Brigit is a goddess known for nurturing new life.

In the fourth and fifth lunar cycles of the year, the moonths containing the Spring Equinox, the gods of sacrifice, Esus, Teutates, and Taranis are represented in the PRIN of Anagantios which is Arcturus, a reddish-orange star that signals a time of blood-letting and self-sacrifice. Known cross-culturally as The Dying Gods, these deities exemplify that self-sacrifice is the highest form of love. In Ogronios, the fifth lunar cycle, the rising star of Vega denotes resurrection. Vega is the first star of the Summer Triangle, a symbol not only of resurrection or of the Vulture and Raven appearing in the heavens in flight, but of the coming of the Great Mother Goddess of the summer, the Mistress of Birds, Water and of the Earth.

The next two lunar cycles of the year, Cutios and Giamonios, the sixth and seventh moonths, complete the Summer Triangle with their primary stars of Deneb and Altair, respectively. Cutios, whose PRIN is Deneb, the Swan, is a month for celebrating the gift of the waters of life as represented in Sequana of the Seine River and namesake of the Sequani; Boann, goddess of the River Boyne in Ireland; or Danu of the Danube in central Europe. Like the Raven goddesses, the water-bird goddesses are one aspect of a Triskele of Goddesses that make up the Great Mother Goddess of the Neolithic tribes represented in the night sky as the Summer Triangle. Giamonios, the moonth of the Summer Solstice, whose PRIN is Altair, is the another bird aspect of the goddess. Altair is most closely associated with Lugh, the eagle, who is the son of Tailtiu, the goddess of the earth. With the Summer Triangle complete, the Triskele reaches its full power.
In Simivisonnios, the eight lunar cycle, the constellation of The Plough is upright signaling the month of the first harvest of fruits and vegetables. Altair is still the guiding star of primary magnitude and Tailtiu is the goddess who declares Lugnasad be in honor of her son, Lugh. Marriage contracts are renewed or dispelled, fruits of labor are shared, and feats of physical prowess and gamesmanship become displays of a productive life. Lugh, symbol of the mastering of life, is an all-wise deity, guarding our fruits of labor. Likewise, in the month of Equos, following Simivisonnios, the gaming and horse-racing so important to the concept of the Divine Horse in Celtic mythology continues. The PRIN of Equos is Equuleus representative of Epona, the horse goddess. Known also as Macha in Ireland and Rhiannon in Wales, the horse goddess is a symbol of independent strength, prowess, and physical challenge. In the Otherworld of the Celts, horse-racing, feasting, and other such pursuits represent the ultimate peace and stability that attention to Epona brings us.

The last season of the year, the Fall, is perhaps the most derivative of ancient ritual and therefore often considered the beginning of the year by Neo-Pagan cults today. The ancient rituals of the Neolithic tribes at the onset of winter are clearly retained in the rituals of the Sacred Calendar of Eleusis for the Greeks and in The Sequani Calendar for the Celts. The PRIN marked on The Sequani Calendar for the ninth moonth of the year, Elembivios, is Capella, keeper of livestock and guardian of wealth, and the guiding constellation for the last two moonths, Edrinios and Cantlos, is the river in the sky, Erindanus. The rituals of the ancients involve the high priest, or what the Indo-Europeans called the "pont-dheh-ker," who is responsible as a transgressor of souls into the otherworld of death and winter as well as a guardian of the wealth of the tribe; that wealth must be blessed and stored for the winter as the seeds were originally stored by the ancient tribes of Europe and the Mediterranean.

In Celtic mythology, this ancient high-priest of the forests and all important deity of the tribes is known as Cernunnos. As the elliptic has moved from South to North in the night sky, the PRIN, or guiding star of the month, Capella, appears on the Eastern Horizon on the sixth day of the waxing moon to guide us through Elembivios with the protection, vision, and spiritual strength of Cernunnos. Cernunnos accompanies us through the onset of winter. In the moonth of Edrinios, he crosses the river in the sky, Erindanus as the Milky Way meets with the elliptic. To the ancients, crossing the river symbolizes the crossing from one realm into another, from life to death, and in this case, from fall to winter. As seen in the hero's journey in the mythology of several cultures, the river acts as a medium of transfer from one spiritual plane to another.